But in prokaryotics they've got just a loop.

但在核物, 它们只有一个环。

On the other hand, prokaryotic organisms like bacteria lack organelles, so their cellular contents are a little more willy-nilly, like that junk drawer where you keep the chip clips and sauce packets.

另一方面，像细菌这样核物缺乏细胞器，所以它们细胞内容物有点杂乱无章，就像你放薯片夹和酱包垃圾抽屉一样。

Alright, as a quick recap, the bacteria are prokaryotic cells that play an important role in human disease and health and can be found almost anywhere in the environment.

得！快速回顾一下：细菌是一种在人类健康与疾病发有重作核细胞，在我们活环境无处不在。

And if you look at the DNA of a prokaryotic cell, each of those little stretches is going to be one gene after gene after gene after gene.

如果你观察核细胞 DNA，你会发现每一个小片段都对应着一个又一个基因。

In a prokaryotic chromosome, the chromosome is simply loose here.

在核物染色体, 染色体在这里只是松散。

A lot of ancient fossils contain evidence of prokaryotic life, like bacteria.

许多古代化石含有核物，如细菌证据。

Did they have a dimorphism between prokaryotic, eukaryotic?

它们在核物和真核物之间是否存在二态性？

And so we can date that rock and figure out that first life started about 3.8 billion years ago but it's prokaryotic.

因此我们可以测定那块岩石年龄，推断出最初命大约在38亿年前开始出现，但它们是核物。

If we look at prokaryotic chromosomes it's different.

如果我们观察核物染色体，情况就不同了。

The cDNAs had to be linked to prokaryotic transcription and translation signals and inserted into multicopy plasmids.

然而，占总蛋白30%过量表达蛋白质是沉淀或不溶形式并且缺少翻译后修饰。

And each one of those has a probability of one in 1,000, to go from eukaryotic, prokaryotic, whatever.

其每一个障碍概率都是千分之一，无论是从真核物到核物，还是其他任何情况。

But know that cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

但知道，细胞可以是核或真核。

So this is going to be prokaryotic life.

所以这将是核物命。

But there is this transition from no oxygen to oxygen, from prokaryotic life to eukaryotic life, from single cell to multi-cell, to the arrival of animals, plants and then this movement, eventually, on to land.

但从无氧到有氧，从核物到真核物，从单细胞到多细胞，再到动物和植物出现，最终迁移到陆地上。

Prokaryotic cells, so things like bacteria and archaea are going to be on the order of about a micrometer.

核细胞，比如细菌和古菌大小大约在微米级别。

There is the eukaryotic strategy and the prokaryotic strategy.

这里有真核策略和核策略。

Two types of prokaryotic cells are bacteria and archaea.

两种核细胞是细菌和古菌。