Before 2008, the United States imported most of its crude but technological innovation allowed U.S. companies to tap into vast shale oil reserves.

2008年之前，美国原油依靠进口，但技术革新使美国公司得以开采巨的页岩油储量。

In between are several layers of dense shale rock.

中间是几层致密的页岩。

In 2019, the U.S. became the top producer of oil attracting nearly 13 million barrels a day after a huge shale boom.

2019年，美国成为最的石油生产国，每天生产近1300万桶石油。

The land at the bottom of the sea was black shale rock.

海底的土地是黑色页岩岩石。

He said agriculture and oil and gas from rocks, called shale, can help the economy.

他说，农业和来自页岩的石油和天然气可以帮助经济发展。

On energy, I will cancel job killing restrictions on the production of American energy, including shale energy and clean call, creating many millions of high paying jobs. That's what we want, that's what we've been waiting for.

能源方面，我将撤销那些有碍美国能源产业就业的限制，包括油页岩能源和洁净煤，以创造数百万的高薪工作机会。那正是我们想要的，也是我们直翘首以待的。

There, 8,000 feet above sea level, he found a shale outcrop, about the length of a city block, containing an unrivaled array of fossils from soon after the moment when complex life burst forth in dazzling profusion-the famous Cambrian explosion.

在海拔2438米的地方。他发现了个页岩露头，长度约相当于城市的个街区，里面蕴藏着批化石，远自复杂生命爆爱——即著名的寒武纪爆发——之后不久的候。

There's a lot of evidence of anoxic water, water that doesn't have enough oxygen in it because it produces these black shale deposits in the Devonian, and so we have that mass extinction.

有量证据表明存在缺氧水体，即缺乏足够氧气的水，因为这在泥盆纪形成了黑色页岩沉积，因我们经历了那次灭绝。

" The shale production that is entering the market and pushing other sources of supply that used to come to the U.S. away from the U.S. and they are trying to find markets for that."

“页岩出产的石油正在进入市场，迫使以前来到美国的其他燃料供应来源离开美国，他们正在试图寻找市场。”

At the same time, the U.S., having edged closer to energy independence with natural gas and oil shale, no longer needed Riyadh the way it once did, and was noticeably less attentive.

与，随着天然气和油页岩的开采，美国已经逐渐接近能源独立，已经不再像过去那样需要利雅得了，对沙特也明显不那么在意了。

Chevron said it would record impairments of more than $10bn in its fourth quarter. More than half of the write-down comes from shale assets in the Appalachian region.

雪佛龙表示，第四季度将减记资产逾100亿美元。减记资产中，超过半的来自阿巴拉契亚地区的页岩资产。

Like wind power, this has boomed in America over the past couple of decades, with the rise of shale gas produced by hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, of rocks.

与风力发电样，随着水力压裂法开采页岩天然气的兴起，在过去的几十年里，这技术在美国蓬勃发展。

Well, when the shale revolution kicked off about 15 years ago, you had a load of these kind of smaller companies buying up drilling rights and starting to drill left, right and centre.

当页岩革命在 15 年前开始的候，有很多这样的小公司购买了钻探权，开始左右钻探。

He held out the prospect of exporting shale gas to Europe if a prospective trade agreement between the two powers were signed. But he added that Europe should not rely on US gas.

他指出如果美国和欧洲签署贸易协议后向欧洲出口页岩的前景，但他说欧洲不应该依赖美国的天然气。

Until 2014, when opec orchestrated an oil-price crash, shale drillers raised cheap finance to ramp up output, turning America into the world's biggest producer of oil.

直到2014年，石油输出国组织策划了场油价崩盘，页岩油开采企业才通过廉价融资来提高产量，从而使美国成为世界上最的石油生产国。

And so the state consequently had a massive, massive amount of petroleum-rich shale rock deposits beneath its surface, ripe for the new fracking technique to exploit.

因，该州地表下蕴藏着量富含石油的页岩矿床，为新的水力压裂技术提供了成熟的开采条件。

Flynn said the rise in the number of wells, and developing and expanding the system to refine and transport shale oil, are game changers for U.S.energy independence.

他表示油井的增多、提炼和运输系统的发展和壮对美国的能源独立而言是个转折点。

The pigments were discovered after researchers crushed 1.1bn-year-old rocks found in a marine shale deposit, beneath the Sahara desert, in the Taoudeni basin in Mauritania, west Africa.

研究人员碾碎距今11亿年的海相页岩后发现了亮粉色色素，该页岩位于西非毛里塔尼陶德尼盆地的撒哈拉沙漠底下。

The American oil firm Chevron has suspended test drilling for shale gas in Romania after anti-fracking protesters broken into a site northeast of the capital Bucharest.

美国雪佛龙石油公司暂停在罗马尼亚的页岩气测试钻探，前有反压裂抗议者冲进首都布加勒斯特东北处钻探点。

I even thought I glimpsed Mt. Sarmiento, whose elevation is 2,070 meters above sea level: a pyramid-shaped block of shale with a very sharp summit.

我好像是望见了萨眠图山，这山高出海面两千零七十米，是金字塔形的片岩形成的山，峰顶很尖。