Most epigenetic marks are erased when egg and sperm cells are formed.

当卵子和精子胞形时， 大多数表徵遗传的标记会被去除。

First, they all start as single-celled zygotes — made from a sperm cell and egg cell combo — that become multicellular embryos: the tiny beginnings of roots, stems, and leaves.

首先，它们都是从单胞受精卵开始的——由精子胞和卵胞组合而——然后变多胞胚胎：根、茎和叶的微小开端。

When the sperm cell from your father which carries an 'X' or a 'Y' chromosome fuse with the egg from your mother, which carries an 'X' chromosome.

这时，一个来自父亲的，携带“X”或“Y”染色体精子会和来自母亲的，携带一个“X”染色体的卵子结合。

Among the most important are the sertoli cells inside the tubes, which nourish developing sperm cells, sort of like how female follicle cells help oocytes.

重要的是管内的支持胞，它滋养发育的精子胞，有点像女性卵泡胞如何帮助卵母胞。

Now, if an egg cell combines with any of these sperm cells that have the missing chromosome, then you get Turner syndrome.

现在，如果一个卵胞与这些缺少染色体的精子胞的任意一个相结合，就会造综合征。

Normally, each egg and sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes, and, when they unite, 23 pairs or 46 in total.

正常情况下，每个卵胞和精子含有23个染色体，当它们结合在一起时，总共有23对即46个染色体。

Male users may experience sperm cell abnormalities and decreased sperm count.

男性服用者可能会出现精子胞异常并且减少精子数量。

Some of the only parts of the body whose motions aren't governed by the muscular system are sperm cells, the hair-like cilia in our airways, and certain white blood cells.

而在我们身体的某些部分，动作不是由肌肉系统控制的，它们包括精胞，我们气道里的丝状纤维，还有某些白胞。

In order to package up half the chromosomes into either a sperm cell or an egg cell, you actually start with a single cell that has 46 chromosomes.

为了将一半的染色体打包装进精子或卵胞，你实是从一个具有46条染色体的体胞开始的。

Occasionally, an accident occurs when the egg or sperm cell is forming, creating an extra chromosome number 21.

有时候，在卵胞或精子形时会发生意外，产生出一个多余的21号染色体。

The wind or a pollinator carried pollen from the flower of one of its parents to the other, where a sperm cell fertilized an egg.

风或者传粉的昆虫把花粉从亲本植株的一棵带到另一棵，在那里精子胞使卵子受精。

So an egg cell must be fertilized by a sperm cell to form two full sets of chromosomes.

因此，卵胞必须由精子受精才能形两套完整的染色体。

And his discoveries of blood cells, sperm cells, parasites and bacteria were altogether extraordinary.

他发现的血胞、精子胞、寄生虫和菌都是极非凡的。

Meanwhile, on contraceptive news, Big Pharma is eyeing a male birth control pill for Gen Z. The once-a-day pill inhibits a receptor for vitamin A, or retinol, in the testes, which is a well-known pathway for sperm cell production.

与此同时，避孕领域传来新消息， 大型制药公司正瞄准Z世代， 研发男性避孕药。 这种每日一片的药丸能抑制睾丸维生素A（即视黄醇）的受体，而维生素A受体是众所周知的精子胞生途径。

We also know that they’re inherited, but for a long time, geneticists thought that sperm cells were too small to contain both the genome AND the epigenetic information of the donor.

我们也知道它们是遗传的， 但很长一段时间以来，遗传学家认为精子胞太小而无法包含供体的基因组和表观遗传信息。

By definition, when biologists talk about this, animals that are males have a little sex cell, which carries genes and nothing else – sperm cells.

根据定义，当生物学家谈论这一点时，雄性动物有一个小性胞，它携带基因， 而不携带他东西——精子胞。

And so what plants do is they take their male sex cells, the sperm cells, and they package them up into a pollen grain.

因此，植物的做法是，它们将雄性生殖胞——精子胞——包裹进花粉粒。

Well, why wouldn't the DNA of the sperm cells and the egg

那么，为什么精子胞和卵子的 DNA 不可以呢？

Babies start to grow in the womb when a sperm cell meets an egg and fertilises it.

当精子胞与卵子相遇并使受精时，婴儿就开始在子宫生长。

Would that be a mechanism that enables sperm of better quality, or smarter cells, to adjust their swimming behavior in order to gain some competitive advantage over millions of other sperm cells that are swimming in the reproductive tract ?

诺斯拉蒂：这是否是一种机制，可以使质量更好的精子或更聪明的胞调整它们的游泳行为，以便比在生殖道游泳的数百万他精子胞获得一些竞争优势？