Tumor suppressor genes, which signal a cell to stop dividing.

肿瘤抑制基因，向发出停止分裂的信号。

(Dsup stands for " damage suppressor protein." ) " And the remarkable thing about this Dsup protein is that when you put it into human cells in the laboratory, it makes those cells more resistant to x-ray radiation."

（Dsup是“损伤抑制蛋白”的缩写）。“这种Dsup蛋白的特别之处在于，如果将其放入实验室的人类中，它会使这些能抵抗X射线辐射。”

But for all we know about fever's role in immune activation, some clinical trials have shown that fever suppressor drugs don't worsen symptoms or recovery rates.

但就我们目前所了解到了的关于发烧在免疫激活中的作用，一些临床试验已经表明，抑制发烧的药并不会恶化症状或降低痊愈的概率。

Over time, just like with squamous cell carcinoma, mutations might accumulate in either tumor suppressor genes or proto-oncogenes that control the division of these metaplastic cells, ultimately resulting in a malignant tumor.

长此以往，和食管鳞癌一样，抑癌基因和原癌基因会积累一系列突变，那些控制着化生的期的基因突变最终会导致恶性肿瘤。

Typically these are mutations in proto-oncogenes which results in a promotion of cell division, or mutations in tumor suppressor genes which results in a loss of inhibition of cell division.

通常，这些突变是原癌基因突变，会促进分裂；或是抑癌基因突变，导致分裂的正常抑制被解除。

But if it happens in certain genes that are important in cancer, like oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, it can create deadly cancers like skin cancer.

但是如果它发生在某些对癌症很重要的基因中，比如致癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因，它会产生致命的癌症，比如皮肤癌。

In the thymus, these precursor T-cells mature and express either CD4 on helper T-cells or CD8 on cytotoxic T-cells sometimes known as suppressor T cells.

胸腺中，这些前体T在成熟后，分化为辅助T在表面表达CD4，或分化为毒性T（有时被称为抑制T）在表面表达CD8。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致癌基因加速生长增殖，而抑癌基因使生长增殖变慢。

Tumor suppressor genes work by acting as a kind of roadblock, keeping cell division from moving forward.

肿瘤抑制基因通过充当一种障碍来发挥作用，阻止分裂继续发展。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

因此，癌基因或突变的抑癌基因使不受控制地增长，导致肿瘤发生。

This may sound harmless, but LANA-1 inhibits p53, a tumor suppressor protein that prevents cancer formation.

听似无害，但LANA-1会抑制p53的活性；p53是种防止肿瘤形成的肿瘤抑制蛋白。

So both an MYCN amplification or ALK gene fusion, where the oncogene is " turned on, " or a PHOX2B and chromosome 1 and 11 deletions, where tumor suppressor genes are " turned off, " can potentially cause uncontrolled cell growth.

因此，MYCN基因扩增或ALK基因的融合，即致癌基因被激活，或PHOX2B与1号、11号染色体缺失，即抑癌基因的失活，都可能导致生长不受控制。

Now, interestingly, when scientists looked at the genome of elephants, for one particular tumor suppressor gene, they had 20 copies of it, and we have just one copy of it.

有趣的是，当科学家们查看大象的基因组时，对于一个特定的抑癌基因，它们有 20 个副本，而我们只有一个副本。

And this is due to mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, genes that usually suppress tumor growth, therefore a mutation leads to myocyte overgrowth.

由于TSC1和TSC2抑癌基因的突变，这些基因通常抑制肿瘤生长，因此此类基因突变可导致肌过度生长。

To balance out cell growth, there are other genes called tumor suppressor genes which promote apoptosis or cell death of mutated cells.

为平衡生长，还有其它基因，称作抑癌基因，促进突变的凋亡或死亡。

Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞状癌产生于经历了基因突变的鳞状，基因突变可能激活原癌基因、或使抑癌基因失活。

Both of these proteins, are tumor suppressors, meaning they help slow down cell growth and prevent tumors.

这些蛋白都是肿瘤抑制剂，辅助抑制生长，阻止肿瘤发生。

Mutations can occur in tumor suppressor genes, which normally code for proteins that stop the cell cycle or promote apoptosis - so they're the cell cycle's very own brake pedal.

基因突变可能会发生在抑癌基因；抑癌基因的功能是编码、阻断期，或促进凋亡的蛋白质，所以它算是期的“刹车片”。

You can think of proto-oncogenes as the accelerator or gas pedal and tumor suppressor genes as the brakes.

你可以把原癌基因看作是加速器或是油门，把抑癌基因看作是刹车。

But even though they are dividing, these polyps only become malignant - meaning they only invade nearby tissues if there are additional mutations in other tumor suppressor genes like the p53 gene or in proto-oncogenes like K-RAS.

但即便上皮在不断增殖，只有当另外的抑癌基因（如p53基因或K-RAS基因）也同时突变时，这些息肉才会恶变，侵犯围组织。