Unable to compete head to head with these aggressive new creatures, the therapsids by and large vanished from the record.

它无力与这种凶猛的新动物展开势均力敢的竞争，总的来说从记录了。

But there was something strange about this particular therapsid.

但这种特定的兽孔类有些奇怪。

On land, there were the amphibian-like temnospondyls and early relatives of mammals called therapsids.

在陆地上，有类似两栖动物的 temnospondyls 和哺乳动物的早期近亲，称为 therapsids。

The casualties included most of the therapsids and other holdovers from the Paleozoic.

伤亡人员包括 来自古生代的大部分治疗和其他残留物。

While many therapsids have premolars and molars, this one didn't.

虽然许多兽孔类有前臼齿和臼齿，但这个却没有。

But a new group of synapsids was: the therapsids.

但个新的合弓纲群体出现了：兽孔类。

You also have hair, specialized teeth, and nasal turbinates, like some of our distant cousins, the later therapsids, had.

你也有头发、特殊的牙齿和鼻甲，就像的些远亲，后来的兽孔目动物样。

And therapsids developed a more flexible neck, a longer stride, and a more upright stance.

而兽孔类进化出了更灵活的颈部、更长的步幅以及更直立的姿态。

In addition to their physical adaptations, we have other evidence that therapsids were capable of basic thermoregulation.

除了它的物理适应性，还有其他证据表明兽孔类具备基本的体温调节能力。

And all of these traits show up in one particular group of therapsids.

而所有这些特征都出现在类特定的兽孔类身上。

This indicates that at least some late therapsids might have had hair—a key adaption for insulation to maintain body temperature.

这表明至少些晚期兽孔类可能拥有毛发——这是种关键的适应性特征，用于保温以维持体温。

Now, for more on therapsid family tree watch our episode, " When the Synapsids Struck Back" .

现在，想要了解更多关于兽孔类家族树的内容，请观看的节目《当哺乳形类反击时》。

And researchers have also found hair-like structures alongside therapsid bones in the coprolites -- or fossilized poop -- of late Permian carnivores.

研究人员还在晚二叠纪食肉动物的粪化石发现了与兽孔类骨骼起存在的类似毛发的结构。

Now, you and I are therapsids too, just so ya know, along with every mammal that's ever existed.

现在，你和也是兽孔类，这点你要知道，所有曾经存在的哺乳动物也都是兽孔类。

And second, it looks like venom might run deep in the tree of life, including within our extended family, the therapsids.

而且第二点，看起来毒液在生命之树分布得很广，包括在的远亲兽孔类。

These changes indicate that therapsids had a more versatile range of motion than other land vertebrates, which made them able to move faster and more energetically.

这些变化表明兽孔类具有比其他陆地脊椎动物更广泛的活动范围，使它能够更快更有力地移动。

It's part of an extinct lineage of therapsids called the therocephalians, or the " beast heads." Which, hey, I've been called worse than that.

它属于个已灭绝的兽孔类分支， 称为兽头类，也就是“兽头” 。 嗯，被叫过更难听的。

These animals had the active, energetic lifestyle of other therapsids, but their small size meant they required less energy—which is important when you're trying to survive a mass extinction.

这些动物拥有和其他兽孔类样活跃、充满活力的生活方式，但它体型较小， 所需能量较少——这对于试图在大灭绝生存下来来说非常重要。

For example, instead of having a row of teeth that were all the same size and shape, therapsids had teeth with different shapes for different functions.

例如，兽孔类的牙齿不是全都样大小和形状，而是具有不同形状以适应不同功能的牙齿。

Later carnivorous therapsids could even chew their prey rather than ripping off chunks of meat and swallowing them whole, like what reptiles and birds still do today.

后来的肉食性兽孔类甚至可以咀嚼猎物，而不是像今天的爬行动物和鸟类那样撕下大块肉吞咽。