Unable to compete head to head with these aggressive new creatures, the therapsids by and large vanished from the record.

它无力与这种凶猛新动物展开势均力敢竞争，总来说从记录中消失了。

On land, there were the amphibian-like temnospondyls and early relatives of mammals called therapsids.

在，有类似两栖动物 temnospondyls 和哺乳动物早期近亲，称为 therapsids。

The casualties included most of the therapsids and other holdovers from the Paleozoic.

伤亡人员包括 来自古生代大部分治疗和其他残留物。

But there was something strange about this particular therapsid.

但是这个特殊兽孔目动物有一些奇怪方。

Now, you and I are therapsids too, just so ya know, along with every mammal that's ever existed.

现在，你和也是兽孔目动物，正如你所知，以及曾存在过每一种哺乳动物。

But a new group of synapsids was: the therapsids.

但是一组新突触动物是：兽孔目动物。

Now, for more on therapsid family tree watch our episode, " When the Synapsids Struck Back" .

现在，要了解更多关于兽孔目家族树信息，请观看剧集“当突孔目反击时”。

And second, it looks like venom might run deep in the tree of life, including within our extended family, the therapsids.

其次，看起来毒液可能深入生命之树，包括大家庭兽孔类动物。

And therapsids developed a more flexible neck, a longer stride, and a more upright stance.

兽孔目动物脖子更灵活，步幅更长，站姿更直。

In addition to their physical adaptations, we have other evidence that therapsids were capable of basic thermoregulation.

除了它身体适应性之外，还有其他证据表明兽孔目动物能够进行基本体温调节。

And all of these traits show up in one particular group of therapsids.

所有这些特征都出现在一组特定兽孔类动物中。

While many therapsids have premolars and molars, this one didn't.

虽然许多兽孔目动物有前臼齿和臼齿，但这个没有。

This indicates that at least some late therapsids might have had hair—a key adaption for insulation to maintain body temperature.

这表明至少一些晚期兽孔目动物可能有毛发——这是保持体温绝缘体关键适应性。

You also have hair, specialized teeth, and nasal turbinates, like some of our distant cousins, the later therapsids, had.

你也有头发、特殊牙齿和鼻甲，就像一些远亲，后来兽孔目动物一样。

And researchers have also found hair-like structures alongside therapsid bones in the coprolites -- or fossilized poop -- of late Permian carnivores.

研究人员还在二叠纪晚期食肉动物粪化石（或粪便化石）中发现了毛发状结构和兽孔类动物骨头。

For example, instead of having a row of teeth that were all the same size and shape, therapsids had teeth with different shapes for different functions.

例如，兽孔类动物没有一排大小和形状都相同牙齿，而是具有不同形状牙齿以实现不同功能。

Later carnivorous therapsids could even chew their prey rather than ripping off chunks of meat and swallowing them whole, like what reptiles and birds still do today.

后来肉食性兽孔目动物甚至可以咀嚼猎物，而不是像今天爬行动物和鸟类那样撕下大块肉然后将它整个吞下。

These changes indicate that therapsids had a more versatile range of motion than other land vertebrates, which made them able to move faster and more energetically.

这些变化表明兽孔目动物运动范围比其他脊椎动物更灵活，这使它能够移动得更快、更有活力。

Remember, it's a therapsid, a group of vertebrates whose oldest known members probably lived about 310 million years ago, and who became more common by the mid-Permian Period, around 270 million years ago.

请记住，它是一种兽孔类动物，一群脊椎动物，已知最古老成员可能生活在大约 3.1 亿年前，并且在大约 2.7 亿年前二叠纪中期变得更加普遍。

Along with this secondary palate, some late therapsids developed features known as nasal turbinates, which are specialized structures in the nose that help animals take in oxygen more effectively.

除了这种次级颚， 一些晚期兽孔目动物还发展出了被称为鼻甲骨特征，这是鼻子中特殊结构， 可以帮助动物更有效吸收氧气。