Unable to compete head to head with these aggressive new creatures, the therapsids by and large vanished from the record.

它们无力与这凶猛的新动物展开势均力敢的竞争，总的来说从记录中消失了。

The casualties included most of the therapsids and other holdovers from the Paleozoic.

伤亡人员包括 来自古生代的大部分治疗和其他残留物。

Now, for more on therapsid family tree watch our episode, " When the Synapsids Struck Back" .

现在，想要了解更关于兽孔类家族树的内容，请观看我们的节目《当哺乳形类反击时》。

But even without the rest of its body, Broom could tell that this fossil came from a therapsid, a diverse group of vertebrates that may have arisen as far back as the late Carboniferous Period.

但即使没有其他身体部分，布鲁姆也判断出这块化石来自兽孔类，这是样化的脊动物群体， 早出现在晚石炭纪时期。

On land, there were the amphibian-like temnospondyls and early relatives of mammals called therapsids.

在陆地上，有类似两栖动物的 temnospondyls 和哺乳动物的早期近亲，称为 therapsids。

These animals had the active, energetic lifestyle of other therapsids, but their small size meant they required less energy—which is important when you're trying to survive a mass extinction.

这些动物拥有和其他兽孔类样活跃、充满活力的生活方式，但它们体型较小， 所需量较少——这对于试图在大灭绝中生存下来来说非常重要。

And researchers have also found hair-like structures alongside therapsid bones in the coprolites -- or fossilized poop -- of late Permian carnivores.

研究人员还在晚二叠纪食肉动物的粪化石中发现了与兽孔类骨骼起存在的类似毛发的结构。

While many therapsids have premolars and molars, this one didn't.

虽然许兽孔类有前臼齿和臼齿，但这个却没有。

This indicates that at least some late therapsids might have had hair—a key adaption for insulation to maintain body temperature.

这表明至少些晚期兽孔类拥有毛发——这是关键的适应性特征，用于保温以维持体温。

These changes indicate that therapsids had a more versatile range of motion than other land vertebrates, which made them able to move faster and more energetically.

这些变化表明兽孔类具有比其他陆地脊动物更广泛的活动范围，使它们够更快更有力地移动。

You also have hair, specialized teeth, and nasal turbinates, like some of our distant cousins, the later therapsids, had.

你也有头发、特殊的牙齿和鼻甲，就像我们的些远亲，后来的兽孔目动物样。

But a new group of synapsids was: the therapsids.

但个新的合弓纲群体出现了：兽孔类。

Later carnivorous therapsids could even chew their prey rather than ripping off chunks of meat and swallowing them whole, like what reptiles and birds still do today.

后来的肉食性兽孔类甚至以咀嚼猎物，而不是像今天的爬行动物和鸟类那样撕下大块肉吞咽。

For example, instead of having a row of teeth that were all the same size and shape, therapsids had teeth with different shapes for different functions.

例如，兽孔类的牙齿不是全都样大小和形状，而是具有不同形状以适应不同功的牙齿。

It's part of an extinct lineage of therapsids called the therocephalians, or the " beast heads." Which, hey, I've been called worse than that.

它属于个已灭绝的兽孔类分支， 称为兽头类，也就是“兽头” 。 嗯，我被叫过更难听的。

In addition to their physical adaptations, we have other evidence that therapsids were capable of basic thermoregulation.

除了它们的物理适应性外，我们还有其他证据表明兽孔类具备基本的体温调节力。

Along with this secondary palate, some late therapsids developed features known as nasal turbinates, which are specialized structures in the nose that help animals take in oxygen more effectively.

除了这次级上颚， 些晚期兽孔目动物还发展出了被称为鼻甲骨的特征，这是鼻子中的特殊结构， 以帮助动物更有效地吸收氧气。

They think that these were made by animals called therapsids, the group that would later go on to include mammals -- but that poop came from members of this group that were around before any mammaliaforms existed.

他们认为这些粪便是由类称为兽孔目动物制造的，这个群体后来包括了哺乳动物——但这些粪便来自在任何哺乳形类出现之前就存在的该群体成员。

But there was something strange about this particular therapsid.

但这特定的兽孔类有些奇怪。

Remember, it's a therapsid, a group of vertebrates whose oldest known members probably lived about 310 million years ago, and who became more common by the mid-Permian Period, around 270 million years ago.

记住，这是兽孔类， 这类脊动物的早已知成员生活在大约3亿1千万年前，到了二叠纪中期，约2亿7千万年前， 它们变得更为常见。