In 2018 Dr Chen identified another mechanism, known as lateral transduction.

2018年，陈博士发现了另一种机制，即侧向。

This process is called transduction, and each sense works in its own way.

这个过程被称为，每种感觉都以自己的方式工作。

So three processes I'll talk about are transformation, transduction and then finally conjugation.

我要讨论的三种过程是、，最后是接合。

Well, like how specific the helper phages are or the process of generalized transduction.

嗯，比如辅助噬菌体的特异性如何，或者广义的过程。

They'll then be a cascade or a signal transduction pathway which will move throughout the cytoplasm.

随后会有一连串的信号传递或信号通路在细胞质中传播。

And that's because it's the same signal transduction pathway that allows all plants to recognize mycorrhizal fungi.

这是因为它是同一条信号传途径，使所有植物都能识别菌根真菌。

And the transduction of sound begins when part of the membrane moves, and the fibers there tickle the neighboring organ of corti.

当膜的一部分移动时，声音的就开始了，那里的纤维挠着邻近的皮质器官。

And that is how communication through signal transduction pathways is conserved through evolution.

这就是信号途径的通信如何在进过程中得以保留的。

And so transduction is another way that we can actually move DNA from one bacteria to another, horizontally.

因此，是另一种能够将DNA从一种细菌横向移到另一种细菌的方式。

It's just blocking a part of this signal transduction pathway.

这只是阻断了信号路径的一部分。

So let's start with signal transduction pathways.

那么，我们从信号路径开始讲起。

Now signal transduction pathways can have disruption.

现在，信号路径可能会受到干扰。

He estimates that lateral transduction is thousands of times faster than other mechanisms, making it a candidate as the chief driver of microbial drug resistance.

他估计，横向比其他机制快数千倍，已经成为了微生物耐药性的主要驱动因素。

Not diabetes but there is a signal transduction pathway inside all of the cells in our body.

不是糖尿病，而是我们体内所有细胞中都存在信号路径。

Well the use a signal transduction pathway.

嗯，它们利用信号途径。

And so that's going to disrupt the signal transduction pathway.

因此，这将会干扰信号路径。

And so that's kind of a signal transduction pathway.

那就是一种信号途径。

And so signal transduction pathways in cells do the same thing.

因此，细胞中的信号途径也执行着相同的功能。

That sheet of cells has done that initial transduction process where light is converted into neural signals that the brain can then begin to work with.

那层细胞完成了初始的换过程，将光线为大脑可以处理的神经信号。

That epinephrine is going to set up a signal transduction pathway in all the cells.

肾上腺素将在所有细胞中启动一个信号途径。