High levels of uric acid can also cause gouty arthritis, most commonly in the first metatarsal joint which is the base of the big toe.

高尿导致痛风性关节炎，最常发生于第一跖骨关节即拇趾的基底部。

Mainly, urea and uric acid producing even more ammonia.

同时尿素和尿生更多的氨。

The underlying cause is hyperuricemia— too much uric acid in the blood, which results in the formation of sharp, needle-like crystals, in areas with slow blood flow like the joints and the kidney tubules.

引起痛风的原因是高尿血症，即血液中的尿含量过高，过多的尿在血流缓慢的地方，如关节腔和肾小管，形成尖锐的细针样结晶。

The fatty acids, urea, uric acid and lactate in the sebaceous film protect and hydrate the skin.

皮脂膜中的脂肪、尿素、尿和乳对皮肤有着保和滋润作用。

Individuals with chronic gout are also at an increased risk for developing kidney stones made of uric acid, as well as urate nephropathy, which is when urate crystals deposit in the interstitium of the kidney.

慢性痛风的病人罹患尿性肾结石以及尿性肾病的风险也升高；尿性肾病中，尿结晶沉积于肾脏间质。

Finally, there are some rare stones made of xanthine, which, just like uric acid, is a byproduct of purine breakdown.

最后，还有由黄嘌呤形成的罕见结石，同尿一样，是嘌呤分解的副。

Uricosuric medications, like probenecid, increase excretion of uric acid by the kidneys.

促尿排，如丙磺舒，提高尿的肾脏排。

These stones, also like uric acid stones, are red-brown in color and radiolucent under an X-ray.

这类结石也像尿结石一样，呈红棕色，X射线可透过。

Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of purines to uric acid, so inhibiting this enzyme results in less uric acid production.

黄嘌呤氧化酶负责分解嘌呤为尿，所以抑制这个酶，就可以减少尿的生成。

The most common type of stones are calcium oxalate stones, though other types include uric acid stones and struvite stones.

草钙结石是最常见的类型，其他类型的结石有尿结石和感染性结石。

Since uric acid is a breakdown product of purines, a very common reason for high levels of uric acid is consuming lots of purines.

由于尿是嘌呤的分解，故高尿是大量摄入嘌呤的结果。

There are also medications that help to decrease uric acid levels, which include xanthine oxidase inhibitors like allopurinol.

也有一些可以帮助降低尿含量，包括黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂，如别嘌醇。

A few of the common ones being aminoglycosides—a group of antibiotics, heavy metals like lead, myoglobin released from damaged muscles, ethylene glycol—essentially anti-freeze which is naturally sweet tasting and therefore a risk for poisoning children, radiocontrast dye, and uric acid.

其中一些常见毒素是氨基糖苷类抗生素、重金属如铅、肌肉受损释放的肌红蛋白、乙二醇、放射性对比剂以及尿等；其中乙二醇本质上是防冻剂，有甜味，因此是毒害孩子的危险因素。

At a physiologic pH of about 7.4, uric acid loses a proton and becomes a urate ion, which then binds sodium and forms monosodium urate crystals.

在生理环境下，体液的pH值约为7.4，此时尿失去一个质子，变为尿离子；尿离子与钠离子结合，形成单钠尿盐结晶。

Another way crystals could form is from decreased clearance of uric acid, which can result from dehydration from not drinking enough water or from consumption of alcoholic beverages, both of allowing uric acid to precipitate out.

结晶的另一种成因是尿清除减少，如由饮水过少引起的脱水、大量饮酒等，这都让尿更容易析出。

At a physiologic pH, uric acid loses a proton and becomes a urate ion, which then binds sodium, forming monosodium urate which crystallizes and ultimately forms uric acid stones.

生理PH值下，尿失去一个质子变成尿盐离子，随之与钠结合，形成单钠尿盐，结晶后最终形成尿结石。

Less common kidney stones are made of calcium phosphate or uric acid.

不太常见的肾结石由磷钙或尿构成。

But look at my uric acid level.

但是看看我的尿水平。

It happens when uric acid crystals form in the joints, causing them to swell.

当关节中形成尿结晶并导致关节肿胀时， 就发生这种情况。

So urea, uric acid, things like this.

因此，尿素、尿等质。