Since the circulatory system is a closed loop, cardiac output and venous return are equal.

于循环是闭环，和静脉回流血是相等的。

Diagnosis is done mainly by hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement.

诊断主要通过测肝静脉压力梯度来完成。

Increased venous pressure can cause a flushed appearance from pooling of blood in the veins, as well as edema or swelling of the face and arms, from fluid leaking out of the blood vessels and into the tissues.

静脉压增加导致血流淤积，造成面部潮红，以及面部和手臂水肿；这是于液体从血管中漏，并进入组织。

These veins travel through the arachnoid mater, pass through the subdural space and penetrate the inner layer of the dura mater to drain into the dural venous sinuses located between the two layers of the dura mater.

这些静脉穿过蛛网膜，经过硬膜下隙，穿过硬脑膜内层，使血液回流至两层硬脑膜中间的静脉窦中。

One common manifestation of this is jugular venous distention, where the jugular vein that brings blood back to the heart takes on more blood and becomes enlarged and distended in the neck.

一个常见体征是颈静脉怒张：把血液送回脏的颈静脉要运送更多的血液，因而在颈部扩大、膨胀。

Now, Klebsiella pneumoniae can cause various hospital-acquired infections in people with underlying illnesses (like diabetes) and in the presence of foreign devices like central venous catheters, endotracheal tubes, or urinary catheters.

同时，肺炎克雷伯杆菌容易在患有基础疾病（如糖尿病）的人群和应用中静脉导管、气管内插管或者导尿管的人群中，引起各种医院获得性感染。

That's why some of them — especially veins in the arms and legs that have to work against gravity — have venous valves that help keep the blood from flowing backward.

这就是为什么它们中的一些——尤其是胳膊和腿上的静脉，必须对抗重力——有静脉瓣膜来帮助防止血液倒流。

Now, the portal venous system comprises of the portal vein and its tributaries, namely the Splenic and Mesenteric veins.

门静脉门静脉和其支流组成，包括脾静脉和肠膜静脉。

Symptoms of venous thromboembolism include pain similar to a muscle cramp, and swelling in the affected leg.

静脉血栓栓塞的症状包括类似肌肉痉挛的疼痛以及患侧腿部肿胀。

That's because the diaphragm muscle lowers during inspiration, and that creates negative pressure in the chest to bring in air, and that negative pressure also brings a bit more venous blood back to the right atrium and right ventricle.

这是因为吸气时膈肌下移，胸腔内的负压将空气吸入；这个负压同时将一些静脉血倒吸回右房和右室。

It causes arterial and venous thrombosis.

它会导致动脉和静脉血栓形成。

The majority of that fluid is reabsorbed on the venous side, but typically there's more forced into the tissue through the arterial side than is taken out by the venous side.

绝大部分液体会在静脉侧被重新吸收，但总体来说，动脉侧进入组织间隙的液体要比静脉侧重吸收的液体更多。

A more serious presentation is neonatal purpura fulminans, which is when a newborn with protein C or S deficiency suffers massive arterial and venous thromboembolisms with hemorrhagic skin necrosis.

更严重的并发症是新生儿暴发性紫癜，即患有蛋白C和S缺乏症的新生儿现大动静脉血栓栓塞及血性皮肤坏死。

The decrease in venous return of blood to the heart also means that less blood is getting pumped to the lungs, leaving individuals feeling short of breath.

回血的减少也意味着更少的血液被泵入双肺，使人感到气短。

In other words, the sum of the volumes of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and intracranial venous and arterial blood is always about the same.

换句话说，脑部、脑脊液、颅内静脉和动脉血等它们的总容保持恒定。

The chylomicrons slowly make their way up into the thoracic duct and get dumped into the venous blood.

乳糜微粒缓慢地上行进入胸导管，并被注入静脉血。

Protein C or S deficiency is suspected in people with a strong family history of coagulation disorders, especially those who suffer from recurrent venous thromboembolisms and experience their first thrombotic event before age fifty.

有明显凝血功能障碍家族史的患者可怀疑蛋白C或蛋白S缺乏症，尤其是反复现静脉血栓栓塞，且于50岁之前发生第一次栓塞的患者。

Early diagnosis of lymphedema is difficult because there aren't many obvious signs, and it can sometimes mimic chronic venous insufficiency, or CVI, where blood collects in the veins.

淋巴水肿的早期诊断较为困难，原因是该病并没有很多明显的体征，并有时可能会与慢性静脉功能不全（CVI）相混淆。

Once the liver processes all these substances, it sends the blood to the heart through the inferior vena cava to enter the systemic venous system.

一旦肝脏处理了所有这些物质，肝脏将血液通过下腔静脉进入体静脉送往脏。

The subdural space plays a major role in venous blood drainage in the brain.

硬膜下隙在大脑静脉回流中起重要作用。