Cellular respiration occurs in three simultaneous phases, where glucose is broken down by glycolysis and other catabolic reactions; and then turned into pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA; and finally ushered into the Kreb's cycle.

呼吸发生在三个同时阶段，其中葡萄糖被糖酵解和其他分解代谢反应分解；然后化为丙酮酸和乙酰辅酶 A；最后进入克雷布循环。

Anandasankar Ray says a product based on Ethyl pyruvate may cost less to manufacture than DEET, the most effective chemical treatment now in use.

Anandasankar Ray说基于丙酮酸乙酯一种产品制造成本可能低于避蚊胺（DEET），后者是目前最有效化学方法。

The pyruvate goes through the TCA cycle, produces a bunch of citrate, and that gets converted down to VLDL.

丙酮酸经过三羧酸循环，产生一堆柠檬酸盐，并且被换成 VLDL。

And pyruvate dehydrogenase is the connection between those two.

丙酮酸脱气酶是连系两者纽带。

What doesn't go to glycogen gets metabolized down to pyruvate.

没去变成糖原部分，会被代谢成丙酮酸。

Pyruvate enters the mitochondria, Mitochondria is like the coal furnace of your cell because it converts the Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA, then burns that in the TCA cycle to produce a bunch of energy in the form of ATP.

丙酮酸进入线粒体，线粒体就像是你锅炉，它把丙酮酸换成乙酰辅酶 A，然后在三梭循环中把它烧掉，以 ATP 形式来产生一些能量。

It comes in, gets metabolized down to pyruvate and enters the mitochondria.

它进入人体，被新陈代谢成丙酮酸，然后进入线粒体。

We convert glucose to pyruvate through the process of glycolysis, and then we convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, which then gets burned, gets oxidized for energy, to produce energy through the krebs cycle.

通过糖酵解过程将葡萄糖化为内酮酸盐，人体接着将丙酮酸盐换成乙酷辅酶 A，后者紧接着被氧化，最后再通过克氏循环换成能量。

How is your body converting that pyruvate into lactate?

你身体是如何将丙酮酸化为乳酸？

There's an interesting table here about hard steps, abiogenesis, glucose fermentation to pyruvic acid, all kinds of steps, all the way to homosapiens, animal intelligence, land ecosystems, endoskeletons, eye precursor, so formation of the eye, complex multicellularity.

这里有一个有趣表格，讲述了从硬步骤、生命起源、葡萄糖发酵成丙酮酸， 各种各样步骤，一直到智人、动物智力、陆地生态系统、内骨骼、眼睛前体，也就是眼睛形成， 以及复杂多生物形成。

And in the Kreb's Cycle we're going to take that carbon which is in pyruvate and we're going to release that as carbon dioxide.

在克雷布斯循环中，我们将从丙酮酸中提取碳，并将其释放为二氧化碳。

So the mechanism of action was primarily by stimulating pyruvate dehydrogenase.

因此，其作用机制主要是通过刺激丙酮酸脱氢酶。

So we're storing the energy that was found in the pyruvate in NADH and FADH2 so we can finally use that in the electron transport chain.

因此，我们将原本存在于丙酮酸中能量储存在NADH和FADH2中，以便最终能在电子传递链中利用这些能量。

So the kinase enzymes inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase from working.

所以激酶酶会抑制丙酮酸脱氢酶活性。

But eventually what you do is you break it into two molecules of pyruvate and you release more ATP and then a little bit of NADH.

但最终，你会将其分解成两个丙酮酸分子，并释放出更多三磷酸腺苷（ATP），同时产生少量烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）。

But when you look at the pyruvate to lactate ratio, that can give you an idea of the cytosolic NAD to NADH ratio.

但当你查看丙酮酸到乳酸比例时，这可以给你一个质中烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸到还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸比例概念。

And then this would be pyruvate and we're making ATP and we're making NADH down here as well.

然后这里会产生丙酮酸，同时我们在这里也制造了三磷酸腺苷（ATP）和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）。

So it's going to recycle NADH back to NAD by converting the pyruvate into lactate.

所以它会通过将丙酮酸化为乳酸，把烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸还原酶（NADH）回收成烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD）。

One thing that you should know is that glucose is a six carbon molecule and down here, pyruvate we have 2 three carbon molecules.

你应该知道一件事是， 葡萄糖是一个含有六个碳原子分子， 而在这里，我们看到丙酮酸则是两个含有三个碳原子分子。

So to start glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, you have to actually add a little bit of ATP.

因此， 要启动糖酵解过程， 即将葡萄糖分解为丙酮酸，实际上需要先加入少量三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。