First half of the class, metaphysics; second half of the class, value theory.

前 形而上后 。

It's called the rarity value thesis, and it describes how rarity increases the value of the item, even though the item itself has never changed.

该理名为稀缺，它阐释了稀缺性会抬高一件商品的，即便物品本身的品质没有发生任何变化。

And roughly, the second half of the class is going to be value theory.

课程的第二部分大致会谈到。

1942. Radical U.S. economist Paul Sweezy publishes The Theory of Capitalist Development, defending Marx's labor theory of value.

1942年， 激进派美国经济家保罗·斯威齐出版了《资本主义发展》，捍卫马克思的劳动。

However, mathematics was not necessary for understanding the new utility theory of value, for Carl Menger did not use a single graph or equation in his Principles of Economics.

然而，数对于理解新的效用来说并不是必需的，因为卡尔·门格尔在他的《经济原理》中没有使用任何图表或方程。

The value of a product comes from the effort needed to make it, the labor theory of value.

产品的源于制造它所需的努力，这便是劳动。

1896. Austrian economist Eugen von Boom-Bawik publishes Karl Marx and the Close of His System, summarizing the criticisms of Marx's labor theory of value.

1896年，奥地利经济家欧根·冯·庞-巴维克发表《卡尔·马克思及其体系的终结》，总结了对马克思劳动的批评。

When the labor theory of value dominated economic thought, it faced a number of critiques based on paradoxical questions.

当劳动主导经济思想时，它遭遇了许多基于悖问题的批评。

This is called the classical labor theory of value.

这被称为古典劳动。