They began to notice a pattern of fluctuations throughout a woman's 28 day menstrual cycle and saw a sharp spike in the level of HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in pregnant women, and nowhere else.

他们开始注意到女性28天的月经周期中有一种波动模式，孕妇的 HCG（人绒性腺激素）水平急剧上升，而其他人则不会。

A signal triggers the pituitary gland to release the hormone gonadotropin.

这个信号会使脑垂体释放出性腺激素。

Okay. Um..." Are my HCG levels doubling every 48 hours? "

有… … “我的性腺激素每48小时就翻一番吗？”

AFP, though, can be elevated by other conditions as well, so in order to get a more exact diagnosis, additional blood tests for human chorionic gonadotropin, or HCG, inhibin A, and estriol, as well as an ultrasound are usually done.

但甲胎蛋白也会由于不少其它原因而升高，所以为了得到更准确的，需检人绒性腺激素（HCG）、抑制素A、雌三醇水平，或作超声检。

In Prader-Willi, the hypothalamus has issues secreting gonadotropin releasing hormone and growth hormone releasing hormone as it should, which can cause decreased sex hormone levels and short stature, respectively.

在普拉德-威利综合征的发展中，下丘脑分泌性腺激素释放激素和生长激素释放激素受阻，分别导致性腺激素分泌不足以及身材矮小。

Though there are different causes which result in different levels of gonadotropin hormones, they all ultimately result in hypogonadism and a deficiency in testosterone or estrogen and progesterone.

尽管青春期延迟的病因很多，会导致性腺激素水平各不相同，但最终的结果都是性腺功能减退以及男性睾酮或女性雌激素和孕酮的缺乏。

But for now, you learned all you'd ever care to about testicular anatomy, the steps of sperm production, and how it's influenced by gonadotropin and testosterone.

但是现在，你学到了所有你关心的睾丸解剖学，精子产生的步骤，以及它是如何受到性腺激素和睾酮的影响的。

Before puberty, the hypothalamus constantly secretes small amounts of a hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone, or GnRH.

青春期前下丘脑会持续地小剂量地分泌一种激素，叫作性腺激素释放激素，即GnRH。

Once puberty hits, the hypothalamus starts to secrete GnRH in pulses, sometimes more and sometimes less, and pituitary FSH and LH make the ovarian follicles develop.

一旦到了青春期，下丘脑就会开始脉冲式地分泌性腺激素释放激素，有时量多，有时量少。而垂体分泌的FSH和LH就会使卵巢滤泡成熟。

When puberty comes a-knocking, the hypothalamus starts releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone, or GnRH.

当青春期来临时，下丘脑开始释放性腺激素释放激素。

It also includes the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurons which results in a decrease in gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.

它累及性腺激素释放激素神经元，致其减少释放性腺激素释放激素。

Now in puberty in both male and females the hypothalamus starts to release more gonadotropin releasing hormone which gets the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.

青春期时的男性和女性体内下丘脑开始释放更多性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）；这种激素会使垂体释放黄体生成素（LH）和卵泡激素（FSH）。

So, for example, a pinealoma may lead to increased secretion of the hormone beta human chorionic gonadotropin that can cause an early onset of puberty.

比如，松果体瘤可能导致β人绒性腺激素分泌增加，可引起青春期发育提前。

And that leads to low levels of the gonadotropin hormones, luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, and low levels of gonadal function.

而这会导致性腺激素（如黄体生成素和卵泡刺激素水平）降低，以及性腺功能水平降低。

When puberty begins the hypothalamus starts up the ovarian cycle by secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone about once a month.

当青春期开始时，下丘脑开始启动卵巢周期大约每个月分泌一次性腺激素释放激素。

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is released into the hypophyseal portal system, which is a network of capillaries connecting the hypothalamus to the hypophysis, or pituitary.

性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）释放到垂体门脉系统，后者是一个将下丘脑与垂体互相连通的细血管网。

Normally, the hypothalamus, which is located at the base of the brain, secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone, or GnRH.

正常情况下，位于脑基底部的下丘脑分泌性腺激素释放激素，即GnRH。

The first is primary hypogonadism which is caused by dysfunction of the gonads - for example, the gonad's receptors may not respond to gonadotropin hormones, or the gonads might not have healthy cells that are capable of producing hormone.

一是原发性性腺功能减退，由性腺功能障碍引起，例如，性腺受体对性腺激素不敏感或者性腺内没有能够产生性激素的健康细胞。

These gonadotropin hormones then stimulate the gonads to produce sex specific hormones.

这些性腺激素随后刺激性腺生成性别特异性激素。

In premature ovarian failure when estrogen levels are low the pituitary gland attempts to restore balance by increasing production of gonadotropins LH and FSH.

在卵巢早衰中，当雌激素水平较低时，垂体试图通过增加性腺激素LH和FSH的产生来恢复平衡。