M. pneumoniae is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillin).

肺炎支原体对-内酰胺类抗生素(如青霉素)具有耐药性。

It's a multidrug resistant bacteria, and it can be treated with cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems in case of beta-lactamase production; only with carbapenems in case of ESBL production; and with colistin, tigecycline or fosfomycin in case of carbapenemases production.

肺炎克雷伯杆菌也是一种多重耐药菌，如果产生β-内酰胺酶，可以用头孢菌素、氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类以及碳青霉烯类药物疗；如果产生ESBL，可以只应用碳青霉烯类进行疗；如果产生碳青霉烯酶，则应用多粘菌素、替加环素或磷霉素进行疗。

So, it produces beta-lactamases, which confers resistance against ampicillin and amoxicillin.

它能产生β-内酰胺酶，从而对氨苄西林和阿莫西林产生抗性。

" Staph aureus bacteria that carry these genes are therefore resistant to most beta lactam antibiotics."

“因此，携带这些基因的金黄色葡萄球菌对大多数β-内酰胺抗生素有耐药性。”

Methicillin and penicillin belong to the so-called " beta lactam" family of antibiotics.

甲氧西林和青霉素都属于所谓的“β-内酰胺”抗生素族。

She saw that a penicillin molecule has a beta-lactam ring at its core, made up of one nitrogen atom and three carbon atoms.

她观察到，青霉素分子核心含有一个由一个氮原子和三个碳原子构成的β-内酰胺环。

This was a vital discovery, as the beta-lactam ring is the reason for penicillin's effectiveness.

这是一项至关重要的发现，因为β-内酰胺环是青霉素效力的根源。

If the penicillin is present while bacterial cells are dividing, the beta-lactam rings bind to the crosslinks while they are still under construction, preventing the completion of cell division.

若在细菌细胞分裂时存在青霉素，其β-内酰胺环会与正在构建中的交联结合，阻碍细胞分裂的完成。