Are you born to a noble family or to a family of peasants and serfs?

你出生一个贵族家庭，还是一个农民或者农奴家庭？

The book only occasionally touches on the lives of the vast majority of the Russian population, who were peasants, or even serfs, farmers bound to serve the owners of the land on which they lived.

书中只是偶尔涉及到俄罗斯普通大众，其中包括农民，甚至农奴，这些人当时不得不为地主服务。

They advance against that standard, rather than the pestilence, beggary and injustice of serfdom.

他们按照这个标准发展，而不是瘟疫、贫困和农奴制不公定为发展方向。

Chekhov was born in 1860. His paternal grandfather had been a serf.

契诃夫出生于1860年 祖父曾是农奴。

In the feudal system, serfs were bound to the land and were essentially owned by their masters.

封建制度下，农奴受制于土地，基本上归主人所有。

It was delicate embroidery if company were present, but at other times her hands were occupied with Gerald's ruffled shirts, the girls' dresses or garments for the slaves.

有客人场时，她手是精巧刺绣，别时候则是缝制杰拉尔德衬衫、女孩子衣裳或农奴们衣服。

As a boy, Dostoyevsky had spent the summer at his family's home in the country and he had become friends with the serfs.

还是孩子时候，陀思妥耶夫斯基曾乡下家避暑，与农奴成了朋友。

So far, the Romanov's had been competent but not brilliant, keeping the Boyars in line, avoiding aggressive wars, and not actively offending the peasantry.

至今，罗曼诺夫一族仅仅是有能力，却毫无闪光点，他们与波雅尔贵族一道，避免了大规模战争，也不主动冒犯农奴。

Ask why property rights are weak and you may be taken further back, to the end of serfdom in 1861.

询问为什么财产权如此脆弱，你可能会被带回到1861年农奴制结束时候。

Historians see enormous political and economic impacts. Worker shortages gave serfs more bargaining power and hastened the end of feudalism.

历史学家看到了巨大政治和经济影响。工人短缺给农奴们更多议价能力，加速了封建主义终结。

When Catherine realized her core support came from those same landlords, she did an about-face and actually increased serfdom.

当凯瑟琳意识到她核心支持者来自这些地主时，她做了一个大转变，反而加重了农奴制。

The country's 8 million serfs would be considered people.

这个国家 800 万农奴被视为人民。

You could gamble serfs, real people.

你可以押上农奴。

Aided by the unscrupulous adventurers who operated the Freedmen's Bureau and urged on by a fervor of Northern hatred almost religious in its fanaticism, the former field hands found themselves suddenly elevated to the seats of the mighty.

原先农奴，主持" 自由人局" 帮狂妄冒险家支持下，加上北方种近乎宗教狂热炽烈仇恨怂恿，现发现自己突然青云直上身居要职了。

Her neighbor Lopakhin, a former serf, encourages her to chop down the orchard and divide the estate into parcels for middle-class people to build summer homes.

她曾经是农奴邻居劳帕金鼓励她砍掉果园 把庄园分成小块用来给中产阶级建造避暑别墅。

This breakdown of serfdom and feudalism was followed by social unrest and rebellions when the aristocracy tried to fight the demands of the workers.

农奴制和封建制度崩溃，随之而来是社会动荡和叛乱，贵族试图反工人要求。

They also wanted the serfs to be free.

还主张给农奴自由。

Gerald was disappointed, for he had wanted a son, but he nevertheless was pleased enough over his small black-haired daughter to serve rum to every slave at Tara and to get roaringly, happily drunk himself.

杰拉尔德感到有点失望，因为他想要一个儿子，不过他还是很喜欢这个黑头发女儿，高高兴兴地请塔拉农场每个农奴都喝了酒，自己也乐得喝了个酩酊大醉。

Those serfs were basically slaves, tied to the land and they were owned by local landlords.

些农奴基本上是奴隶，被束缚土地上，归当地地主所有。

But, at the same time, she'd failed in her goal to abolish serfdom, just as she'd failed to institute reforms that improved life for the 95% of the population who lived outside the cities.

但与此同时，她未能实现废除农奴制目标，就像她未能实施改善 95% 居住城市以外人口生活改革一样。