In specific places along the tract, like the esophageal sphincter, the circular layer thickens, forming these sphincters that keep food from passing from one part of the gastrointestinal tract to another.

消化道的一些特定部位，例如管括约肌，内环肌层增厚，形成括约肌，可以防止从一个部位反流至上一个部位。

Nonetheless, many suspect it could be Crohn's Disease, a hysterectomy or surgery to handle avid refluxes following the delivery of three children in the last decade.

尽管如此， 许多人怀疑这可能克罗恩病，过去十年中生下三个孩子后对子宫进行切除或手术， 以应对严重的胃管反流。

However, the most accurate study to diagnose GERD is a 24-hour pH monitoring in lower esophagus; where a thin tube with an electrode attached is placed inside the esophagus in order to detect how long the acid reflux stays in there.

然而，诊断GERD的最精确的方法24小时管下段pH监测，道内放置一个带有电极的细管，以监测酸反流道内停留的时间。

For chronic laryngitis, it's important to treat the underlying issue, for example, using allergy medication, avoiding irritating agents, and using gastroesophageal reflux medications.

对于慢性喉炎，处理原发病很重要，比如施用抗过敏、开过敏原以及施用抗胃管反流。

The aorta dilates over time, which is a risk for aortic valve insufficiency, where blood leaks back into the left ventricle during diastole.

主动脉逐渐扩张，这主动脉瓣关闭不全的危险因素之一；这种情况下，舒张期时血将反流至左心室。

This creates an obstruction that makes it difficult for blood to leave the glomerulus, and increases pressure within the glomerulus leading to hyperfiltration.

这造成血管阻塞，血流难以流出肾小球，导致肾小球内压力增高，出现反流。

10% will get processed in the stomach and intestines and another 10% gets processed by the kidneys, muscle, and the brain.

10% 胃中和小肠中处理，另外 10% 被肾脏，肌肉和大脑处理（都不好事，比如会引起胃酸反流，肠道发炎和泄漏）。

So gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.

因此，胃管反流病，即GERD，指由于过多的胃酸反流回管而引起的烧心、反酸等症状。

And it's why alkaline water might be effective against one particular health issue: acid reflux.

胃酸反流。

The ureters insert into the bladder at the ureterovesical junction at a sideways angle so that when the bladder becomes full, it compresses the openings to the ureters preventing the backflow of urine.

输尿管输尿管-膀胱交界处倾斜插入膀胱；这样一来，当膀胱充盈时，输尿管开口受压，从而阻止尿液反流。

Is there associated regurgitation or reflux?

否有相关的反流？

Alright, as a quick recap, vesicoureteral reflux is a condition where pressure in the urinary outflow tract increases and urine gets pushed back up into the ureters or kidneys.

得！快速复习一下：膀胱输尿管反流指一种由尿路压力增高导致尿液压力作用下逆流至输尿管或肾的疾病。

The second heart sound, " dub" , is called S2, and the noise comes from the aortic and pulmonic valves snapping shut to prevent blood from flowing backwards after it leaves the ventricles, effectively ending systole.

第二心音“dub”，它被称为S2，声音来自主动脉瓣和肺动脉瓣关闭，以防止血液离开心室后反流，有效地结束心脏收缩。

Reflux and regurgitation, which means food or gastric secretions come back into the throat or mouth.

反流，意味着或胃分泌回到喉咙或嘴巴里。

Also, when the epithelium is continuously damaged and replaced, the new epithelium of the lower esophagus is gradually replaced by a single layer of columnar cells, similar to intestinal cells, that are more adapted to withstand the reflux.

此外，当上皮持续受损并被替换时，管下段的新上皮逐渐被单层柱状细胞取代，类似于小肠细胞，这些细胞更能经受住反流。

In vesicoureteral reflux, there is some obstruction in that path which causes pressure to build up and a current of urine actually pushes backward from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys.

膀胱输尿管反流中，尿路存阻碍，导致膀胱中压力升高，尿液受压从膀胱逆流至输尿管再到肾。

Some esophageal defense mechanisms against acid reflux are the primary and secondary peristaltic waves.

一些抗酸反流的管防御机制初级和次级蠕动波。

Chronic vesicoureteral reflux can cause pyelonephritis, or inflammation of the kidney, and renal scarring, or fibrosis which damages the kidney tissue.

慢性膀胱输尿管反流可能导致肾盂肾炎，即肾脏出现炎症反应，以及瘢痕肾，即肾组织因纤维化而受损。

When the heart contracts, that papillary muscle keeps the chordae tendineae taut; and both of these help to prevent regurgitation of blood back into the atrium, allowing it to only flow out the next valve.

当心脏收缩时，乳头肌使腱索绷紧；两者有助于防止血液反流到心房，使血液只能从下一个瓣膜流出。

There are two types of vesicoureteral reflux, or VUR.

膀胱输尿管反流（VUR）有两种类型。