These were very early abacuses, which developed around 4,000 years ago into the more traditional style of beads threaded onto rods and set into a frame.
During the rule of Gamal Abdel Nasser girls were encouraged to go to school, and women exhorted to join the workforce, as part of the general push for economic development.
Marine Le Pen is bent on making her party respectable and finds her father's continually provocative interventions before the press to be in a growing hindrance.
Tech is designed to really suck on you in, says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.