Finally, there are some rare stones made of xanthine, which, just like uric acid, is a byproduct of purine breakdown.

最后，还有黄形成的罕见结石，同尿酸样，是分解的副产物。

Adenine will always bind with thymine and cytosine with guanine.

总是与胸嘧啶结合，胞嘧啶与鸟结合。

This attaches methyl groups (a carbon atom and three hydrogens) to either adenine or cytosine, two of the four chemical bases that form the alphabet of DNA, depending on the gene involved.

该作用可以让甲（个碳原子和三个氢原子组成）附着于或胞嘧啶上——组成DNA序列的四种主化学成分中的两种，到底附着的是哪种取决于涉及到的因种类。

Never in your life will you have to remind a cell to keep an eye on its adenosine triphosphate levels or to find a place for the extra squirt of folic acid that's just unexpectedly turned up.

在你的生中，你永远没有必提醒任何个细胞，它随时注意其核苷三磷酸盐的情况，或是找到存放不期然间出现的多余叶酸的地方。

Nucleotides of DNA are made out of a sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate, and one of the four nuclear bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine or A, C, G, T for short.

DNA的核苷酸脱氧核糖、磷酸以及四个核碱之组成，分别是、胞嘧啶、鸟与胸嘧啶，或简称A、C、G、T。

Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of purines to uric acid, so inhibiting this enzyme results in less uric acid production.

黄氧化酶负责分解为尿酸，所以抑制这个酶，就可以减少尿酸的生成。

The series of reactions that generate more ATP in muscles do produce extra protons, which lowers the pH in your muscles.

肌肉中形成更多核苷三磷酸的系列反应确实产生了额外的质子，这会降低肌肉中的酸碱值。

In more severe cases though, drugs that suppress the immune system, like corticosteroids, azathioprine, or cyclosporine might be prescribed.

在某些更严重的病例中，可能会用到免疫抑制药物，如糖皮质激素、硫唑和环孢素。

There are four bases: adenosine, thymine, cytosin, and guanine.

苷、胸嘧啶、胞嘧啶和鸟。

But for the remaining .1%, one person might have an adenine where another person has a guanine.

但对于剩下的0.1%，个人可能有而另个人有鸟。

Now, from a chemical perspective, caffeine can be described as both a methylxanthine and an alkaloid.

从化学角度来看，咖啡因既可以被描述为甲黄，也可以被描述为生物碱。

That “form” is called ATP, if you're familiar with that.

如果你熟悉这种形式的话，它的名字叫做 ATP（核苷三磷酸）。

A rheumatologist may advise you specialized treatment with: - Hydroxychloroquine - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs - Steroid tablets, creams, or injections - Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) - Drugs to control high blood pressure and high cholesterol - Immunosuppressants such as methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide.

风湿病专家可能会建议您采用以下药物进行专门治疗： - 羟氯喹 - 非甾体类抗炎药或 NSAID - 类固醇片剂、乳膏或注射剂 - 传统缓解病情抗风湿药 (DMARD) - 控制高血压和高血压的药物胆固醇 - 免疫抑制剂，如甲氨蝶、硫唑、霉酚酸酯、环磷酰胺。

Another drug, azathioprine, has a similar immunosuppressing action and inhibits an enzyme that we need to synthesise DNA, and so it strongly inhibits cells, like T-cells and B-cells, that proliferate a lot during an immune response.

还有种药，硫唑，也有相似的免疫抑制作用，同时抑制合成DNA所需的种酶，因此硫唑能够强效抑制在免疫反应中大量增殖的T、B细胞。

Nucleotides of DNA are made up of a sugar - deoxyribose, a phosphate, and one of the four nucleobases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine - or A, C, G, T for short.

DNA的核苷酸分子单糖-脱氧核糖、分子磷酸与四种核碱之的（A）、胞嘧啶（C）、鸟（G）或胸嘧啶（T）组成。

It was known that DNA had four chemical components - called adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thiamine - and that these paired up in particular ways.

当时已经知道，DNA含有4种化学成分——、鸟、胞嘧啶和胸嘧啶——这4种成分总是以特殊的配对方式排列。

Since uric acid is a breakdown product of purines, a very common reason for high levels of uric acid is consuming lots of purines.

于尿酸是的分解产物，故高尿酸是大量摄入的结果。

There are also medications that help to decrease uric acid levels, which include xanthine oxidase inhibitors like allopurinol.

也有些药物可以帮助降低尿酸含量，包括黄氧化酶抑制剂，如别醇。

So the caffeine doesn't even need to compete with the adenosine to fit into those receptors.

所以咖啡因不用和核苷竞争受体。

Then it starts to make more, using a bunch of different chemical reactions.

然后身体利用很多不同的化学反应开始制造更多的核苷三磷酸。