In the West, there have been successful phage trials for foot ulcers.

在西方，已经有成功的菌体试验治疗足溃疡。

Dr Barr wondered if they were actively working with their hosts to keep down the level of pathogenic bugs that might otherwise set up shop in the hosts' mucus membranes.

Barr博士觉得菌体或许可以帮助寄主降低致病菌的数量，防止病菌将在寄主的粘膜液中大量繁殖。

They only stop when the bacteria is filled up with brand-new phages.

直整个细菌充满了新造好的菌体。

" And those phages have cleared those little spaces."

菌体杀死了这些小小的空白区域内的细菌。

Although only one family of insect was analyzed, the anti-mycophagy hypothesis should be reconsidered.

虽然只分析了一个昆虫家族，但确实应该重新考虑抗真菌菌体假说。

They used a red dye to dye the bacteriophages in this experiment.

他们使用红色染料在这个实验中菌体进行染色。

New therapeutic techniques like phages and vaccines face the same fundamental problem as traditional antibiotics: if they're working well, they're used just once, which makes it difficult to make money.

像菌体和疫苗这样的新治疗技术面临着和传统抗生素一样的困境：如果它们有效，那么使用一次就够了，制药公司因此难以盈利。

They have no cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, or functional organelles, but they can infect all types of cells and numerous viruses can also infect bacteria, which are called bacteriophages.

虽然没有细胞膜、细胞质和功能性细胞器，但它们可以感染所有类型的细胞；许多病毒也能感染细菌，这类病毒也被称为菌体。

If salmonella is present under the sticker, it gets snagged by the phage and makes the sticker a touch heavier—enough to change its vibration frequency.

如果沙门氏菌目前在贴纸下, 它会菌体阻碍，使贴纸变重从而改变其振动频率。

Dr Chen reckons that phages could in this way end up stealing up to a quarter of their host's genome.

陈博士认为菌体可以通过这种方式窃取四分之一的宿主基因组。

Barr says the interaction between mucus and phage is constant. And there are health benefits when you have a cold.

巴尔说粘液和菌体之间的互动是一直进行的，当患上感冒时会产生健康益处。

That helps the phages, because their bacterial prey also accumulate in mucus, which is thus a rich hunting ground.

这有助于菌体，因为细菌的侵染过程也是积聚在粘液中，这就为菌体提供了大量的寄生宿主。

Phages are like guided missiles that only attack what they're supposed to.

而菌体则像是导弹一样，仅仅杀死那些该被杀死的细菌。

Each of the versions of this protein that exist in every individual is capable of locking onto and neutralising a different invading pathogen, by interacting with different molecules on the pathogen's surface.

体内有各种高变蛋白的菌体，菌体通过识别不同细菌的表面分子，做一种菌体只侵一种入侵细菌。

No trials are underway for more serious infections, but a successful phage treatment of a critically multiresistant-infected patient in California in 2017 under Food and Drug Administration emergency rules has more researchers in the U.S.looking to develop phage treatments.

目前还没有针更严重感染的试验，但根据美国食品和药物管理局的紧急规定，2017年加州一名多重耐药性感染患者的菌体治疗取得成功，这让美国有更多研究员希望开发菌体治疗方法。

Viruses and bacteriophages are not capable of metabolic activity on their own, so instead, they invade other cells and use their metabolic machinery to produce more viral molecules, nucleic acid, and proteins, which then assemble into new viruses.

众多病毒、菌体不能独立进行代谢活动，因此，它们侵入其它细胞，利用细胞的代谢机制来制造更多的病毒颗粒、核酸和蛋白质，然后再将这些组装成新的病毒。

This is similar to the protein that the attacking phage uses as a signal to begin packing its DNA into newly produced phages.

这类似于攻击型菌体的蛋白质，它会作为信号，开始将自身DNA打包新产生的菌体中。

Jeremy Barr says he hopes the research will bring forth new fields of phage research, even to help prevent food-borne outbreaks like E. coli.

杰里米·巴尔说他希望这项研究能推动菌体研究新领域的发展，甚至帮助预防大肠杆菌等食源性疾病的爆发。

The side touching the food is coated with phage E2, a virus engineered to stick only to Salmonella typhimurium bacteria.

触摸食物的一边涂有菌体E2, 这是一种被研发成只会依附鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的病毒。

Phages, viruses that attack bacteria but don't affect humans, are one promising new avenue to combat bacterial infections.

菌体，一种能攻击细菌但不感染体的病毒，是一个很有前景的抗细菌感染的新途径。