If you're looking at the broad picture of the evolution of sapiens, then the epochs are hunter-gatherer, farming community, and then the founding of cities and city-states.

如果你看一下人类进化的全貌，从狩猎采集时代，到农业社区，然后是城市和城邦的建立。

In 408 BC, the cities united to form one territory, with a unified capital, Rhodes.

在公元前408年，这三个城邦联合成了一个区域，并有统一的首: 德。

Hundreds of years ago, city-states were common in Europe.

几百年以前城邦在欧洲是很普遍的。

By doing this, they paved the way for social criticism in the city-state of Athens.

就这样，他们播下了雅典城邦内社会批评的种子。

And of course, given its geography, it's surrounded by agricultural states.

当然，还要考虑新德里的地理情况，这座城市被农业城邦所环绕。

The tradition of these decentralized city-states that were the heart of the Renaissance.

这些城邦国家自治的传统确实是文艺复兴的核心所在。

In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.

和平时期, 当意萧条时, 霍克伍德便带领士兵进某个城邦, 纵火烧毁一两个农场, 然后提出, 如向他们缴纳保护金, 他们便主动撤离。

Known for instilling fear in the hearts of their enemies at the very sight of them, this ancient Greek city state rocketed back into public consciousness with Zack Snyder's infamous film, " 300" .

这个古希腊城邦以一看到敌人就让他们心恐惧而闻名，它凭借扎克·施奈德臭名远扬的电影《巴达300勇士》重新回到了公众的意识中 。

A generation before these sculptures were made, Athens was one of a number of fiercely competitive city states, who were suddenly forced into a coalition with each other by the Persian invasion of the Greek mainland.

在雕像制作者的父辈活的时期，由于波希腊本土，像雅典这样原本处于激烈斗争中的城邦不得不团结一致，抵御外敌。

Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.

每次意大利各城邦之间打仗，霍克伍德便把他的士兵雇佣给愿给他出高价的君主。

Over the next couple centuries, different states shifted around their allegiances but by the 14th century, Modena was all aboard team Roman Emperor and Bologna was on Team Pope.

在接下来的几个世纪里，不同的城邦改变了他们的效忠对象，但到了 14世纪，摩德纳（意大利北部城市）完全站在了马皇帝一边，博洛尼亚（意大利城市）则站在教皇一边。

When I was still a boy-before they cut my balls off with a hot knife-I traveled with a group of actors through the free cities.

在我还是个孩子的时候... 在他们用烧热的刀子割掉我的卵蛋之前... 我跟着一个戏班子在自由城邦间游荡.

We also only really know about religious practices from three main city-states: Byblos, Sidon, and Tyre; information on the others is less clear.

我们也只真正了解三个主要城邦的宗教习俗：比布鲁、西顿和提尔；关于其他城市的信息不太清楚。

The presence of European armies in the Middle East increased trade, which was controlled by businessmen in Venice and other Italian city states.

欧洲军队在中东地区的存在促进了贸易的发展，此前贸易被来自威尼和其他意大利城邦的商人所控制。

Some problems could be handled by increasing the number of magistrates, or by letting conquered city-states continue to rule themselves under Roman guidance.

增加审判官的数量可以解决一些问题，或者让战败的城邦国在马的指导下继续自行统治。

It was built by the grandest Sun King, of the grandest city-state, of the grandest civilization of the Americas, the Mayas.

它由史上最显贵的太阳王建造，位于最壮丽的城邦，代表着美洲最伟大的古文明——玛雅。

The very first Olympic games on record date back thousands of years to 776 BCE in a Greek city-state named Elis.

有记录的第一届奥运会可以追溯到公元前 776 年，在一个名为伊利的希腊城邦。

" Zhai zi" means to live here, baners raised around a city form a " Zhong" , or " center" .

“宅兹”是居住在这里的意思，在城邦的中心会竖立旌旗，“中”字由此而来。

The Greek city-states beat off the persian invasion, and triggered their golden era, ended by Alexander the Great around 9700.

希腊城邦击败了波的，并引发他们的黄金时期，截止到9700年的亚历山大围军。

So slavery is necessary for the life of the polis for there to be open to citizens.

因此，为了让公民有机会过上城邦活，奴隶制是必要的。