How would you determine the ground state of a quantum system with no exact solution?

在没有精确解的情况下你如何确定量子系统的？

I would guess a wave-function and then vary its parameters until I found the lowest energy solution.

我会任意猜测一个波函数，通过更改其参数找出能量最低的量子。

But as some of the excited electrons fall back to their ground states, they emit energy as light.

不过当一部分的激发电子回到它们的的时候，它们会释放出能量，即光。

This, in turn, makes them open to physicists' probings, because there are no confusing changes happening inside the atoms themselves.

物理学家因此可以检测反氢原子，因为处于的反氢原子不会在原子内部发生难以解释的变化。

Sometimes electrons in those atoms get into an excited state, and when they come back down again they give off light.

有时原子当中的电子被激发，而当它们回到时，便发出了光。

There's another kind of transition it can do, even in the ground state.

即使在，它也能一种类型的转变。

There are a continuum of energy levels all the way down to the ground state.

从始至终，能量水平都是连续的，直到。

It has a base configuration of neon.

它具有氖的电子排布。

We call it the ground state or the excited state.

我们称之为或激发。

That is plenty of time for them to relax into their ground state, the most energetically stable condition they can be in.

这一时间足以让反氢原子弛豫，回到，即它们可能达到的能量最稳定状。

And then that state could decay into the ground state of carbon-12 that is kind of stable, right?

然后这种状可以衰变成相对稳定的碳-12，对吗？

Well I use a short hand where we could say, well it's base configuration is the same as neon.

好吧，我使用一种速记方式，可以说，它的排布与氖相同。

Now when all those electrons drop down to the ground state, that atom is going to release some gamma radiation.

现在当所有那些电子降到时，这个原子将会释放一些γ辐射。

And so it's kind of like energy levels, but they're just these tiny splittings of the ground state energy level.

这有点像能级，但它们只是能级的一些微小分裂。

As the muon drops down to this different ground state, an x-ray is emitted—alerting Krauth's team that the transition has occurred.

当μ子降到这个不同的时，会发出X射线——这提示克劳斯团队跃迁已经发生。

Bombard an ordinary hydrogen atom with microwaves of the right frequency and you will lift it out of its ground state by flipping the spin of its electron.

以特定频率的微波轰击普通氢原子可以反转其中电子的自旋，使其跃迁离开。

In quantum mechanics, one of the most important properties of a many-body system is the difference in energy between its ground state and its first excited state.

在量子力学中，多体系统最重要的性质之一是其与第一激发之间的能量差。

So the muon starts in a semi-stable place—the food-messy desk—moves up to an unstable state—the clean desk—and then cascades down to a different stable ground state—the paper-messy desk.

因此，介子从一个半稳定的地方开始——食物凌乱的桌子——上升到一个不稳定的状——干净的桌子——然后向下级联到一个稳定的- 乱七八糟的桌子。

That can make things a little confusing, because it's hard to visualize a pair of complex numbers, which is what would describe a superposition of two base states.

那可能会让人有点困惑，因为很难想象一对复数，而这对复数正是用来描述两个的叠加的。

Quantum states, much like this wiggling direction of our wave, are described as a superposition of multiple base states, where you have many choices for what base states to use.

量子就像我们波的这种摇摆方向一样，被描述为多个的叠加，你可以选择使用哪些。