In specific places along the tract, like the esophageal sphincter, the circular layer thickens, forming these sphincters that keep food from passing from one part of the gastrointestinal tract to another.

在消化道的一些特定部位，例如食管括约肌，内环肌层，成括约肌，可以防止食物从一个部位反流至上一个部位。

The island grows about three millimeters a year.

该岛每年约三毫米。

This makes the walls look thicker, like white lines against the hazy, ground glass background.

肺泡壁，像一条条白线将模糊的磨玻璃影分裂开。

When all that stuff stagnates, it initiates an inflammatory reaction that causes macrophages to release inflammatory molecules, which ultimately damage surrounding cells and leads to fibrosis which is the thickening of connective tissue, or the creation of scar tissue.

当所有这些物质淤滞时，将会引发炎症反应，从而导致巨噬细胞释放炎症因子，最终破坏周围细胞，造成组织的纤维化，即结缔组织，成瘢痕组织。

A group of scientists once presumed that five genetic variants caused a dangerous thickening of the heart, even going so far as to tell people with those variants that their DNA put them at risk for cardiac troubles.

一组科学家曾假设五种基因变异造成危的心脏，甚至告诉那些有变异的人其DNA可能会导致他们有心脏问题风。

Initially these inflammatory changes are completely reversible, but over the years irreversible changes start to take place —edema, scarring, and fibrosis build up, leading to thickening of the epithelial basement membrane, which permanently reduces the airway diameter.

最初这些炎症变化是完全可逆的，但是随时间进展，不可逆的变化开始发生，出现水肿、瘢痕、纤维化等症状，导致上皮基底膜，从而永久性地减小气道直径。

And, when we look back at the muscle research, there does seem to be a consistent result, just not what the hypertrophy rangers hoped for.

而且，当我们回顾肌肉研究时，似乎确实有一个一致的结果，只是不是拥护者所希望的。

In hypertension, the walls of arteries supplying the kidney begin to thicken in order to withstand the pressure, and that results in a narrow lumen.

在高血压下，供应肾的动脉血管壁为了承受更高的血压而，造成血管腔狭窄。

After menstruation, the lining of the uterus thickens up again in preparation for a fertilized egg, and inside the ovary follicle develops.

月经后，子宫内膜再次，为受精卵做准备，卵巢内的卵泡发育。

In particular, it's implicated in oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis — an abnormal thickening of the heart valves.

醛固酮与氧化应激和心肌纤维化（心脏瓣膜异常）尤其相关。

Palmoplantar keratoderma is a rare disease where thick patches of skin develop on the hands and feet.

掌跖角化病是一种罕见病，患者的手脚会出现性斑片。

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium thickens in case fertilization occurs, during the luteal phase, spiral arteries emerge to bring more nutrients to support the thick endometrium.

在月经周期中的卵泡期，子宫内膜会变，有助于受精；黄体期，螺旋动脉产生可以为的子宫内膜提供更多养分。

At the cellular level, leukoplakia typically shows a thickened keratin layer.

从细胞学层面看，口腔黏膜白斑的典型表现是的角质层。

Over time, as a reaction to the immune deposits, GBM matrix is deposited in between the immune complexes, which makes the GBM appear thickened on histology.

随着免疫复合物日趋沉积，肾小球基膜基质间布满了免疫复合物，使肾小球基膜在组织学上表现为。

The stiff, thickened serous pericardium makes it hard for the ventricles to expand - it's like the heart is wrapped by a boa constrictor.

硬化的浆膜心包限制心室扩张；心脏如同被蟒蛇缠绕一般。

Just like how the soup is not too cold or too hot… the hypertrophy range is juuuuust right, at least for Brodilocks.

就像汤不太冷也不太热一样......肌肉的范围是正确的，至少对布罗迪洛克来说是这样。

Alright, quick recap—membranous glomerulonephritis is where immune complexes deposit in the GBM, causing a thickening of that GBM and a " spike and dome" appearance that leads to nephrotic syndrome.

好，快速回顾一下：在膜性肾小球肾炎中，免疫复合物沉积在肾小球基膜，引起肾小球基膜和“钉状突起”，导致肾病综合征。

These vascular effects lead to thickening of blood vessel walls and enhance blood platelet stickiness, increasing the likelihood that clots will form and trigger heart attacks and strokes.

这些血管效应会导致血脉壁和提高血小板的黏度，提高血块成的可能性，引发心脏病发作和中风。

Wherever we seem to look though, the data makes it abundantly clear that there is no clear physiological hypertrophy advantage to any specific rep range.

然而，无论我们分析哪里的研究，数据都非常清楚地表明，任何特定的数据范围都没有明显的生理优势。

First, when the thickened layers of the pericardium rub up against each other - it creates a friction rub which can be heard on auscultation.

当的两层心包膜互相摩擦，可在听诊时闻及心包摩擦音。