Most cells have proto-oncogenes that help them grow.

大多数细胞有帮助它们原始致癌基因。

Generally speaking, the transition from dysplastic cells to malignant cells occurs gradually.

一般来说，异型细胞变成癌细胞过程是渐进性。

In case of dysplasia there's options like surgery, endoscopic resection, or laser treatments.

在异型情况下，可以选择手术、内镜下切除或激光治疗。

The formation on the wrist is not arthritic.

他手腕上不是关节炎。

In some species, these bizarre outgrowth can account for almost 17 percent of the insect's body weight.

其中有些种类出来这部分能占到昆虫体重百分之十七。

And as cells become more and more dysplastic the lesions sometimes develop red spots, and at that point it's called erythroleukoplakia.

随着细胞异型程度越来越高，这些病损（白斑）上可出现红色点，时我们把它称作红白班。

Finally any growths within the spinal canal like tumors, cysts, or abscesses can cause compression on the spinal cord and nerves.

最后是椎管内任何：如肿瘤、囊肿或脓肿，也可导致压迫脊髓神经。

Your fingers. They show signs of clubbing, which indicate a health problem.

您指骨周围有性病变迹象, 您心脏可能出现了问题.

That's when your prostate grows and it's difficult to urinate.

那是前时候，排尿会变得困难。

In January he revealed he needed to go into hospital for a procedure for an enlarged prostate.

一月份他透露自己需要入院进行前手术。

The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it.

非传染性疾病由身体机能障碍引起。这包括器官或组织退行性病变，不稳定细胞，以及异常血液形成和血液循环。

Leukoplakia is a precancerous white lesion, but more serious lesions include the red-colored erythroplakia which almost always contain severe dysplasia or early cancer.

口腔黏膜白斑是一种白色癌前病变，但更严重病变包括红色口腔黏膜红斑，其几乎总有严重异型或早期癌变。

Nasal Polyp are fleshy swellings that develop in the lining mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses, air-filled spaces, linked to the nasal cavity.

鼻息肉是在与鼻腔相连鼻腔和鼻窦（充满空气间隙）内壁黏膜中肉质肿胀。

It's a normal hyperplastic response, meaning the epithelial cells in the area divide more than usual and build up a protective layer of keratin.

这是一种正常反应，与通常情况下相比，该部位分裂出了更多上皮细胞，以构筑起一个角质保护层。

Erythroplakias are more serious than leukoplakia because almost always when they are removed and examined under the microscope they will show severe dysplasia, or early cancer.

黏膜红斑要比黏膜白斑严重得多，因为在显微镜下观察这些组织时，它们几乎都表现出了明显异型，或癌变早期征象。

IGF-1 is actually responsible for hyperplasia, so the creation of new muscle cells, as opposed to hypertrophy, which is growing those existing muscle cells.

IGF-1实际上负责是，即成新肌肉细胞，而不是肥大， 后者是指现有肌肉细胞长。

Normally, this ratio should be less than 40%, but it can be over 40% for people with chronic bronchitis, because of the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the glands.

一般情况下应少于40%，对于慢支患者来说，由于黏液肥大，该数值会大于40%。

Half of guys by 60, 90% of guys by 80 will have some form of prostate issue, whether that's BPH, maybe some form of prostate cancer.

到60岁时， 一半男性会出现某种前问题， 到80岁时， 90%男性会出现这种情况，无论是良性前还是某种形式前癌。

If the biopsy shows normal intestinal cells under the microscope, and there are signs of inflammation, this is called non-dysplastic Barrett's, and the risk of developing esophageal cancer is very low.

在显微镜下，活检如果显示是正常小肠细胞，并且有炎症征象，这就是非异型Barrett食管，而患食管癌风险很低。

The leading anatomist at the time declared that it was probably some kind of abnormal growth -- (Laughter) and that any woman who had one was probably a hermaphrodite.

当时主要解剖学家宣称，这可能是某种异常——（笑声）并认为任何拥有这种器官女性很可能都是雌雄同体。