Affected people are typically present in each generation, because an affected person (male or female) has a 50% chance of passing on the affected gene to a child, which causes that child to have the disease.

通常，患病家族每一都有受累个体，因为患者（论男女）均有50%的机会将致病基因遗传给孩，从而导致患上这种疾病。

A stem cell is one that, when it divides, spins off some offspring that remain as stem cells while others turn into functional tissue.

干胞一种可分化的胞，其胞可以干胞、也可以功能性组织。

Paradoxically, though, it is a bit hazy on the actual subject of its title, namely how parent species spin off new, daughter species.

然而矛盾的，它对标题的实际主题——即母物种如何衍生出新物种——有点含。

Affected individuals have a 50% chance of passing on the altered gene to their child, causing that child to have the disease.

受累个体有50％的几率将突变的基因传给，从而导致患病。

The reproduction mechanism mixes the digital DNA of the chosen parent robots to create a new blueprint for a child robot that inherits some of the characteristics from its parents but occasionally also exhibits some new ones.

繁殖机制混合选定父机器人的数字DNA，创建一个新的机器人的数字蓝图，该继承了部分父母的特点，但有时也会表现出一些新的特点。

In other words since this parent right here is big, let's use a different color, big H little h and this one is little h little h, this big H was actually transferred to the son.

换言之，由于这位亲本（我们用同颜色表示）大型H小型h，而另一位亲本小型h小型h，实际上，这个大型H被传递给了。

Maybe it makes enough babies that some of them get sort of picked up in the water and get thrown out to sea and they settle and another cycle goes again.

或许它繁殖的足够多，以至于其中一些被水流卷走，抛向大海，并在那里定居，从而开启了新一轮的循环。

Now, after separation, the cells produce new micro and macro-nuclei and then reproduce asexually until each daughter cell has the correct number of macro and mirco nuclei for their species.

现在，分离后，胞会产生新的小核和大核，然后进行无性繁殖，直到每个胞都有其物种正确数量的大核和小核。

The first cross in any genetic cross is called the P cross or the parental cross and then the offspring of that are called the F1 or filial one or the offspring of that cross.

在任何遗传杂交实验中，首次进行的交配被称为P杂交，即亲本杂交；而由这次杂交所产生的后则称为F1，即第一或杂交一。