Affected individuals have a 50% chance of passing on the altered gene to their child, causing that child to have the disease.

受累个体有50％的几率将突变的基因传给子代，从而导致子代患病。

Paradoxically, though, it is a bit hazy on the actual subject of its title, namely how parent species spin off new, daughter species.

而矛盾的是，它对标题的实际主题——即母物种是如何衍生出新子代物种——有点含糊不清。

A stem cell is one that, when it divides, spins off some offspring that remain as stem cells while others turn into functional tissue.

干细胞是一种可分化的细胞，其子代细胞可是干细胞、也可是功能性组织。

Now, after separation, the cells produce new micro and macro-nuclei and then reproduce asexually until each daughter cell has the correct number of macro and mirco nuclei for their species.

现在，分离后，细胞会产生新的小和，后进行无性繁殖，直到每个子代细胞都有其物种正确数量的和小。

Maybe it makes enough babies that some of them get sort of picked up in the water and get thrown out to sea and they settle and another cycle goes again.

或许它繁殖的子代足够多，至于其中一些被水流卷走，抛向海，并在那里定居，从而开启了新一轮的循环。

Affected people are typically present in each generation, because an affected person (male or female) has a 50% chance of passing on the affected gene to a child, which causes that child to have the disease.

通常，患病家族每一代都有受累个体，因为患者（不论男女）均有50%的机会将致病基因遗传给孩子，从而导致子代患上这种疾病。

The first cross in any genetic cross is called the P cross or the parental cross and then the offspring of that are called the F1 or filial one or the offspring of that cross.

在任何遗传杂交实验中，首次进行的交配被称为P代杂交，即亲本杂交；而由这次杂交所产生的后代则称为F1代，即第一子代或杂交一代。

In other words since this parent right here is big, let's use a different color, big H little h and this one is little h little h, this big H was actually transferred to the son.

换言之，由于这位亲本（我们用不同颜色表示）是型H小型h，而另一位亲本是小型h小型h，实际上，这个型H被传递给了子代。

The reproduction mechanism mixes the digital DNA of the chosen parent robots to create a new blueprint for a child robot that inherits some of the characteristics from its parents but occasionally also exhibits some new ones.

繁殖机制混合选定父代机器的数字DNA，创建一个新的子代机器的数字蓝图，该子代继承了部分父母的特点，但有时也会表现出一些新的特点。