So the participle is just a reduced adjective clause.

这个分词是这个定语从的省略形式。

And that's when they're used in relative clauses to introduce adjective clauses.

那是形容词性的定语从。

We've just seen that sometimes relative clauses have prepositions in them.

我们刚刚看到，有时候定语从中会有介词。

The preposition can be in two positions immediately before the relative clause or at the end of the relative clause.

介词有两个位置，定语从前，或定语从末。

One kind of dependent clause is the adjective clause. It gives more information about a noun.

定语从是从的一种，它提供了更多与名词相关的信息。

Defining relative clauses such as these specify which noun we are talking about.

像这些子是限定性定语从了，限定了我们所讨论的名词是哪个。

If it is at the end of the relative clause, the sentence is less formal.

如果它出现定语从末，子会不那么正式。

They use the relative pronouns " who" and " which" .

限定性定语从会用到关系代词 “who” 和 “which”。

The last relative pronoun " what" can also be used in relative clauses, but it is different.

最后一个关系代词 “what” 也可以用于定语从中，但是它比较特别。

However, in this type of relative clause, both " who" and " which" can always be replaced by " that" .

但是，这种定语从中，无论是 “who” 还是 “which”，都是可以用 “that” 来替代的。

" Whom" is a relative pronoun used for people, but only when they are the object of the relative clause!

“Whom” 是用于指代 “人” 的关系代词，但是只有当它是定语从的宾语时才使用。

When the relative pronoun represents the object of the relative clause, such as in sentences b) and d) , it can be left out.

当关系代词指定了定语从中的宾语，比如第二和第四，它可以被省略。

However, if it represents the subject of the relative clause, such as in a) and c) , it cannot be left out.

但是，如果它指代的是定语从中的主语，像第一和第三，它不能被省略。