Transmission of V. cholerae typically occurs through a fecal to oral route.

霍乱弧菌的传播通常为粪口途径。

Oysters can carry a scary flesh-eating bacteria called Vibrio vulnificus.

蚝可能携带一种可怕的食肉菌叫创伤弧菌。

V. cholerae O1 has caused all recent outbreaks.

正是O1型霍乱弧菌引起了最近的所有暴发。

There, V. cholerae can begin to multiply and produce toxins.

此时，霍乱弧菌得以开始繁殖并产生毒素。

Wolfe says the Vibrio bacteria may be able to actually eat the aromas-which, after all, consist of chemical compounds.

沃示，弧菌可能真的能够消灭掉这些气味——毕竟，这些气味是由化合物组成的。

V. cholerae is a gram-negative, curved bacteria which looks like little red or pink comma-shapes on a gram stain.

霍乱弧菌是革兰氏阴性弯曲细菌，在革兰氏染上看起来像浅红或粉红的逗号。

There are many serogroups of V. cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – cause outbreaks.

霍乱弧菌有许多血清型，但只有O1和O139两种血清型会引起霍乱暴发。

The bobtail squid have Vibrio fischeri living in them as well.

乌贼体内也有费氏弧菌。

Those containing bacteria from the genus Vibrio, for instance, seem to be able to protect steel.

例如，那些含有弧菌属细菌的物质似乎能够保护钢铁。

So they develop this special organ where they host Vibrio fischeri.

所以他们开发了这个特殊的器官， 在那里他们寄宿了费氏弧菌。

Diagnosis is typically made by a stool sample growing V. cholerae on a thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar.

诊断通常是通过在硫代硫酸盐、柠檬酸盐、胆盐、蔗糖琼脂上培养霍乱弧菌的粪便样本。

That's where Vibrio fischeri glow-in-the-dark gene comes in.

这就是费氏弧菌的夜光基因发挥作用的地方。

So, to recap: Cholera is a contagious, severe gastroenteritis caused by the gram-negative Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

得！快速回顾一下：霍乱是一种由革兰氏阴性霍乱弧菌引起的具有传染性的、严重的胃肠炎。

And though V. cholerae does not enter the epithelial cells itself, the toxins do and they can cause a lot of trouble.

虽然霍乱弧菌本身不会进入上皮细胞，但是毒素会，而且会造成很多麻烦。

Now, when V. cholerae enters the stomach it shuts down protein production to conserve energy and nutrients, and to survive the acidic environment.

当霍乱弧菌进入胃部时，它会暂停生产蛋白质，以保存能量和营养，而在酸性环境中生存下来。

V. cholerae O139 – first identified in Bangladesh in 1992 – caused outbreaks in the past, but recently has only been identified in sporadic cases.

O139型霍乱弧菌于1992年在孟加拉国被首次发现，在过去也曾导致霍乱暴发，而最近仅在散发病例中有发现。

Coastlines are warm enough for the dangerous Vibrio bacteria to grow in the Baltic areas of Europe and the Northeast and Pacific Northwest of the U.S.

在欧洲的波罗的海地区以及美国东北部和太平洋西北部的海岸线地区，高温足以使这些地区滋生危险的弧菌。

Most people infected with V. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 1-10 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people.

当然大多数感染了霍乱弧菌的人并不会出现任何症状，尽管这种病菌在感染后的1~10天内出现在他们的粪便中，并被释放回环境中传染他人。

This can cause symptoms like vomiting and voluminous amounts of watery diarrhea containing extremely high concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate; as well as high levels of live V. cholerae ready to infect another individual.

这可能导致呕吐、含有大量高浓度的钠、钾、氯化物和碳酸氢盐的水样腹泻，以及可能感染另一个人的高活跃性的霍乱弧菌。

And while the incubation time for V. cholerae can take hours, to 2-3 days; severe dehydration and depletion of electrolytes can happen within 4 to 12 hours of the first bout of diarrhea or vomiting.

虽然霍乱弧菌的潜伏期可达数小时至2-3天；第一次腹泻或呕吐后的4至12小时内可出现严重脱水和电解质耗竭。