Finally, there's the innermost layer of the heart called the endocardium, which is made of a relatively thin layer of endothelium which is the same layer of cells that line the blood vessels.

最后，脏最层叫膜，由一层较薄细胞构成；与位在血管壁是同一层细胞。

It causes various hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, UTIs, bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis.

它能引起各种医院获得性感染，如肺炎、尿路感染、菌血症、膜炎以及脑膜炎。

Usually, pyelonephritis from hematogenous spread is a consequence of septicemia or bacteremia - which is bacteria in the blood - as well as infective endocarditis, an infection of the inner layer of the heart.

通常情况下，通过血液传播肾炎是由于败血症或菌血症（即细菌入血）或感染性膜炎（即膜受感染）。

On an electrocardiogram, or ECG, both stable and unstable angina show an ST-segment depression since ischemia's limited to the subendocardium.

电图上，稳定型和非稳定型痛都显示ST段降低，因为缺血局限于膜下层。

This endocardium lines the heart chambers as well as the heart valves.

膜覆盖了脏各腔室和瓣膜。

In people with blood vessel catheters, the bacteria can be inoculated directly into the bloodstream, which leads to a bloodstream infection called bacteremia, and from there it can spread to the heart, causing endocarditis, or to the brain, causing meningitis.

对于应用血管导管病人，细菌可以直接血行播散，形成菌血症，可以播散到脏引起膜炎，或者感染大脑引起脑膜炎。

The septum is formed during development as this muscular ridge of tissue grows upward from the apex, or the tip, and then fuses with a thinner membranous region coming down from the endocardial cushions.

室间隔在胚胎发育期间形成，这种组织肌肉嵴从往上长，并与从膜垫向下延伸薄膜区域融合。

In this case, eosinophils accumulate in the endocardial layer of the heart tissue, causing inflammation and endocardial fibrosis, making it stiffer and again less compliant.

在这类病例中，嗜酸性粒细胞聚集在脏组织膜层，导致炎症和膜纤维化，让其更加僵硬、顺应性更差。

If blood flow's reduced or the myocardium is thicker, blood has a harder time reaching this deeper layer just under the endocardium, called the subendocardium.

一旦血流减少或肌变厚，血流便难以到达最深层，即膜下层。

Loffler syndrome, where eosinophils accumulate in the lung tissue, can also affect the heart tissue, called Loeffler endocarditis or sometimes loeffler endomyocarditis.

Loffler综合征：嗜酸性粒细胞聚集在肺组织中，也可以累及脏组织，这种情况叫做Loeffler膜炎，有时也叫Loeffler膜肌炎。

This ischemia is thought to trigger release of adenosine, bradykinin, and other molecules that stimulate nerve fibers in the myocardium that result in the sensation of pain.

膜下缺血被认为启动腺苷、缓激肽等分子释放，这些分子刺激肌层神经末梢，导致痛觉产生。

Endocardial fibroelastosis happens most often in children, and is thought to be caused by a variety of diseases and stresses, like infections and even nutritional deficiencies.

膜弹力纤维增生症通常发生在小孩身上，且被认为是由各种疾病和压力导致，比如说感染以及甚至是营养物质缺乏。

Poor oral care has been also linked to serious diseases such as heart disease, COPD, pneumonia, and endocarditis, which is an infection of the inner lining of your heart chambers or valves.

口腔护理不当还与脏病、 慢性阻塞性肺病、 肺炎和膜炎等严重疾病有关，膜炎是腔或瓣膜壁感染。

Therefore the classic finding with angina is subendocardial ischemia, meaning less oxygen is reaching the region just under the endocardium.

因此痛典型发现就是膜下层缺血，即到达膜下层氧减少。

He ordered blood culture because we discussed the possibility of endocarditis, which is a possible risk after a tooth extraction.

他要求做血液培养， 因为我们讨论了膜炎可能性，这是拔牙后可能存在风险。

THAT STENTLESS VALVE REPLACEMENT FOR INFECTIOUS ENDOCARDITIS THAT YOU PERFORMED?

那个为感染性膜炎做 无扩张瓣膜替换术?

The muscular walls of the heart consist of three major " layers" . The bulk of the walls is made up of a layer of cardiac muscle and is called the myocardium.

肌外层是外膜，层是膜。

Whatever the case, the heart needs blood, and if we look at the heart wall, there's three layers—the outermost layer, the epicardium, then the myocardium in the middle, and the endocardium inside the heart.

无论什么情况下，肌都需要供血，我们学习壁时知道，壁有3层：最外层外膜、中层肌，以及脏膜。

Again the sub endocardial region seems to be the most precarious in terms of blood supply.

同样，膜下区域似乎是最不稳定血液供应。

The process tending to focus on the sub endocardium.

趋向于集中于膜下过程。