At this point, certain conditions start to develop that are said to be " AIDS-defining" , such as recurrent bacterial pneumonia, pneumocystis pneumonia, and fungal infections like candidiasis of the esophagus.

些具有艾滋病特征性症状开始出现，比如反复发作细性肺炎、肺肺炎与真感染，如食管念珠病。

You might have also heard yeast infections being called candidiasis, which is in reference to the most common yeast found in the vagina, Candida.

你能也听说过酵母感染被称为念珠病，这是指在阴道中最常见真——念珠。

So we can see oral or esophageal candidiasis, which at least in the U.S. we often call thrush.

因此，我们能会观察到口腔或食管念珠病，在美国，我们通常称之为鹅口疮。

Or people who wear dentures, I think, too, are at higher risk of oral candidiasis.

或者，我认为，佩戴假牙人也更容易患上口腔念珠病。

In one of his classic texts, he describes thrush, like oral thrush is what I'm referring to, particularly in people who are already sick or in poor health.

在他经典着作中， 他描述了鹅口疮，即我特指口腔念珠病，尤其发生在那些本已患病或身体状况不佳人群中。

But even recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis affects an estimated 138 million people with a vagina every year worldwide, and it's on the rise, and estimated to hit close to 160 million by 2030.

然而，即便是最常见复发性外阴阴道念珠病， 全球每年也影响着约1.38亿女性，且这数字还在上升， 预计到2030年将接近1.6亿。

There is actually a new drug approved for, I believe it's approved for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis that just got approved a couple of years ago.

实际上， 有种新药获得了批准，我相信它是用于治疗复发性外阴阴道念珠病， 该药在几年前刚刚获批。

There is, though, also, people are working on a vaccine for recurrent vaginal candidiasis specifically.

不过，也有人正在研发专门针对复发性阴道念珠病疫苗。

But before we can tell the story of that transformation, let's first go back in time to the early history of candidiasis.

但在讲述这转变故事之前，让我们先回到念珠病早期历史时光。