As Robert Sapolsky explains — with monkeys if you go from " light goes on, push lever, get reward" to " light goes on, push lever, maybe get reward" — you get a much higher dopamine rise.

Robert Sapolsky 释的，在猴子实验中，果你将信号从灯-按操作杆-到奖励，变成，灯-按操纵杆-到奖励，会看到更高的多巴胺上升现象。