Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

破擦由一个爆破和后面的擦组成。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

摩擦让很多英语学习者感到困惑。

In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

在今天的节目里，我们要探索摩擦。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

另一个思考的方法爆破加上擦等于破擦。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

些都摩擦，慢慢地出你会听到摩擦。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

清楚地说，摩擦指的气流有一部分被阻滞。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

最后清擦或“安静”，出现在诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

In a previous video, we explored the two affricates, or complex consonant sounds, of American English.

在之前的一个视频里，我们探索了美式英语中的两个破擦，或者叫复杂辅。

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 擦。 Thh, vvv 也擦。

In a previous video, I described affricates as being kind of like addition - one plus one equals two.

在之前的一个视频里，我说破擦有点像加法 —— 一加一等于二。

Another type of consonant is a Fricative.

另一种辅摩擦。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国的齿槽、西班牙的颤、法国的小舌擦？

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 擦。

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

在某些情况下，清擦开始像“f”一样（例如笑、咳嗽）。

So the combination d-g sound, " dg" is an affricate in American English for judge becomes " j" .

所以组合d-g， “dg” 美式英语中的塞擦， 判断变成“j” 。

First, when the thickened layers of the pericardium rub up against each other - it creates a friction rub which can be heard on auscultation.

当增厚的两层心包膜互相摩擦，可在听诊时闻及心包摩擦。

It usually results in a friction rub, as well as ECG changes like ST elevation and PR depression, followed by T wave flattening and inversion.

通常表现出心包摩擦，以及ST段抬高和PR段压低等心电图改变，继之呈现T波低平和倒置。

You're releasing air with sound, so the vocal cords are vibrating and creating this friction sound which is the 'V' as of the word 'very', 'vicious' and 'seven'.

要通过释放口腔里的空气带动的，所以带振动的，产生出种擦，即‘V’，比如单词‘very’、‘vicious’和‘seven’。

So, to make the th sound you already know, I hope that the tongue needs to be outside, and the air has to pass between the tongue and teeth in order to create this friction sound.

所以，要出你已经知道的 th ，需要舌头在外面，空气必须通过舌头和牙齿之间，才能出摩擦。