Reliability and validity are two critical ideas for understanding standardized tests.

信和效是理解标准化测试的两个关键概念。

There are additional levels of these dimensions, but these three have best withstood scientific tests of reliability and validity across infants, children and teenagers.

这些还有其他层次，但这三个能经受住婴儿、儿童和青少年的信和效科学测试。

You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity — inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

读者继续深入推理，比如，文本对你有何意义，或文本效如何——这些推理构成读者个人反应的基础，而读者个人反应受到文本作者的影响必然要小得多。

And there are different kinds of validity -- for instance, if I take the WAIS IQ test and my scores accurately predict how good my grades in college will be, that's a simple kind of predictive or criterion validity.

并且有不同类的效——例如，如果我参加了 WAIS IQ 测试并且我的分数准确地预测了我在大学的成绩会有多好， 那是一种简单的预测或标准效。