The skins of sheep and of dogs are not tanned with oak-bark, but are soaked in alum-water instead.

羊皮和狗皮的鞣革使用的是明矾水而非橡树皮。

But vitally, Italian alum mines didn't bring victory over the Turks, or cause them to lose all their profits, just as mining and drilling at home never obviate the need for trade.

但要的是， 意大利的明矾矿并没有给土耳其人带来胜利，没有让他们失去所有的利润， 就像在国内采矿和钻探会消除贸易的需要一样。

That is because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was primarily found in Anatolia, in the Ottoman Empire.

这是因为它们是用一种叫做明矾的化学物质染色的，这种化学物质主要在奥斯曼帝国的安纳托利亚发现。

More importantly he granted a monopoly on the mining rights of alum to a particular Florentine family, the Medicis.

更要的是， 他将明矾采矿权的垄断权授予了特定的佛罗伦萨家族美第奇家族。