Ambitious future observers might also send out probes that escape the supergalaxy and could serve as reference points for detecting a possible cosmic expansion.
A satellite galaxy of our Milky Way, the Small Magellanic Cloud is wonder of the southern sky, named for 16th century Portuguese circumnavigator Ferdinand Magellan.
The corotation circle acts as an interface that can either reflect or transmit these waves, allowing them to gain energy at the expense of the global rotational kinetic energy of the galaxy.
The end point of the collapse and relaxation of a protogalaxy is a dark matter halo, inside of which the baryonic gas is in hydrostatic equilibrium at a temperature of typically a few million degrees.