To avoid taking those extra steps, expert composters might add extra wood chips or paper products to the pile, since they have a lot of lignin — a tough component of plant cell walls which doesn't contain any nitrogen at all.

为了避免这些额外步骤，专业堆肥者可能会往堆肥中再加入一些屑或者纸品，因为它们含有大量素，一种完全不含氮坚韧植物细胞壁成分。

There's the lignin and cellulose of plants, calcium-rich shells of mollusks and coral reefs, and mineral bones like ours.

植物素和纤维素，软体动物和珊瑚礁富含钙贝壳，以及像我们这物骨骼。

Hardwoods used in BBQ smoke have lots of cellulose and lignin.

烧烤烟熏中使用硬含有大量纤维素和素。

Bacteria can still eat lignin-packed materials — so they just slow down those overly- enthusiastic microbes.

细菌也可以分解含有素物，从而可以让这些过于活跃微生物下来。

And lignin is converted into all kinds of aromatic chemicals that flavor the meat, and can even act as chemical preservatives.

素被转化为各种芳香化物，给肉调味，甚至可以作为化防腐剂。

The chemicals remove about half of its lignin.

这些化物去除了大约一半素。

Lignin is more susceptible to oxidation as compared to cellulose.

素比纤维素更容易发生氧化。

Stora Enso, a Finnish forest-products company, reckons it can make anode material from lignin.

芬兰林产品公司 Stora Enso 认为它可以用素制造阳极材料。

It's like, I wanted to bend, lignin, get out of my face.

就像，我本想弯曲，但素，它却硬是不让，非得挡在我面前。

A second is to produce plastic free cardboard cartons which can be used as food containers and then recycled The third is to find employment for lignin a byproduct of the pulping process, which is at the moment.

第二个是生产无塑料纸包装盒，可以用作食品容器，然后进行回收。第三个是找到素用途，素是制浆过程中副产品，目前还没有很好利用方法。

And the theory goes that the lignin and zinc, selenium, vitamin E, the essential fatty acids in these seeds could influence estrogen and progesterone activity, so the hormones involved in your cycle.

其理论依据是，这些种子中素、锌、硒、维生素E以及必需脂肪酸可能会影响雌激素和孕酮活性，即影响你月经周期中激素变化。

Their ability to grow so tall is the result of lignin, a chemical that is the building block of wood, which first appeared in plants as early as 400 million years ago.

它们之所以能长得这么高， 是因为素，一种构成材化物， 早在 4 亿年前就出现在植物中。

Well the fungi are important, even though they make something like 5% of the living things in the rumen, they can breakdown specific bonds between the lignin inside the cellulose.

真菌很重要， 尽管它们在瘤胃中活体占比只有大约5%，但它们能够分解纤维素内部素之间特定化键。

And back in the Carboniferous, many of the decomposing microbes that could break down the hardy lignin -- and release CO2 as a result -- had yet to evolve.

而在石炭纪，许多能够分解坚韧素并释放二氧化碳微生物尚未进化出来。

All of the bonds in the molecules of cellulose and lignin that make up the wood contain energy, and some of them could be broken, releasing that energy.

构成材纤维素和素分子中所有化键都含有能量，其中一些键可以被打破，从而释放出这些能量。

In order for termites and a few other insects to digest wood, they had to turn those independently-living lignin-breaking microbes into gut-living lignin-breaking microbes.

为了让白蚁和其他一些昆虫消化材，它们必须将那些独立生活素分解微生物转变为肠道生活素分解微生物。

The bark covering tree trunks is full of lignin, a rigid web of compounds that's tough to chew and highly impermeable to pathogens.

树皮覆盖着树干， 富含素，这是一种坚硬化合物网络， 难以咀嚼且对病原体高度不渗透。

They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the most resistant form of carbon, and they break it down, produce mushrooms.

它们分解素和纤维素， 这是最耐腐蚀碳形式，然后将其分解， 产生蘑菇。

The plan is to develop ways of making anode carbon from lignin, a natural polymer found in the cell walls of plants.

该计划是开发利用素制造阳极碳方法，素是一种存在于植物细胞壁中天然聚合物。

It's basically a band, a ring made of lignin, you know, like woody material that gets impregnated into the cell walls.

它基本上是一条带状结构，一个由素构成环，也就是那种像头一物，会渗入细胞壁中。