Nineteenth-century agronomists rapidly divined that phylloxera had come from North America.

19世纪的农学家迅速推断称，根蚜虫自北美。

Blocking the action of this, they hoped, would phylloxera-proof all vines. But here the sequencing project produced a disappointment.

他们希望，阻止这一行为可以防止所有的葡萄藤出现根蚜虫。但基排的结果令人失望。

Rhizobia is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria up to 3 micrometers long and without it, that sort of agricultural production is impossible.

根菌是一种长达3微米的固氮菌，没有它，不可能实现这种农业生产规模的。

So on the roots of this soybean plant are nodules.

在这株大豆植物的根部，存在着根。

Rice is the main target, so that they grow similar nodules.

水稻是主要标，此它们会长出类似的根。

And these nodules do an amazing thing.

这些根做了一件了不起的事情。

The other is the identification of a type of symbiotic nitrogen fixing that does not rely on root nodules.

另一种是识别一种不依赖根的共生氮气固定类型。

One, observing that legumes grow special root nodules to house nitrogen-fixing bacteria, is to reshape the roots of cereals.

一观察表明， 豆科植物会长出特殊的根纳固氮细菌，此可以重塑谷物的根部。

They harbor millions of bacteria inside the cells of the nodules.

它们在根细胞内寄居着数以百万计的细菌。

From Britain, this theory went, phylloxera reached the European mainland via the south of France, the first place where it devastated vineyards.

该理论认为，根蚜虫从英国经法国南部传入欧洲大陆。它首先是破坏了法国的葡萄园。

Rhizobia is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria up  to 3 micrometers long and without it, that sort of agricultural production is impossible.

根菌是一种固氮细菌， 长达3微米， 没有它，这种农业产量是不可能实现的。

It's beneficial to the soybean plant, but it's also beneficial to the bacteria inside those nodules.

这对大豆植株有利，但对那些根内的细菌也有利。

That could be valuable in parts of viticulture's New World, such as Australia, where vines remain ungrafted and phylloxera is still a problem.

这在葡萄栽植新世界的部分地区可能很有价值，比如澳大利亚，在这些地方，葡萄藤仍是非嫁接的，并且根蚜虫仍是一个问题。

But even there, these apparently unique nodule structures are not that novel.

但即便如此，这些看似独特的根结构也并非那么新颖。

Now unfortunately, at the moment those nodules don't get infected with the nitrogen fixing bacteria.

遗憾的是，前这些根还未能被固氮细菌感染。

The work now begins of teasing out what each of those genes does, and, ultimately, how phylloxera manipulates a plant and adapts to a new host.

现在的工作是弄清楚每个基的作用是什么，以及根蚜虫最终如何操控植物并适应新的宿主。

He and his colleagues have identified two leguminous genes that, when transplanted to poplars, a common experimental plant, cause them to grow nodules too.

他和他的同事识别出了两种豆科植物的基，当将这些基移植到杨树（一种常见的实验植物）中时，会导致杨树也长出根。

When vineyards in Burgundy were ravaged by the phylloxera parasite in the 1880s, French winemakers began importing wine from elsewhere and sold it as Burgundy.

1880 年代， 当勃艮第的葡萄园遭到根蚜寄生虫的破坏时，法国酿酒师开始从其他地方进口葡萄酒， 并以勃艮第葡萄酒的名义出售。

This little Acacia grows these nodules, especially when they're young like this and inside of those nodules live ants, an entire colony of ants in this tree.

这种小金合欢长出这些根，尤其是当它们像这样年轻的时候， 这些根里面住着蚂蚁，这棵树上有一整群蚂蚁。

So the bacteria inside the nodules of this soybean plant are fixing nitrogen out of the air, converting it into ammonia, and then feeding that ammonia to this soybean plant.

此， 这株大豆植物根内的细菌正在从空气中固定氮，将其转化为氨， 然后将这些氨供给大豆植物。