The ratios of the length to width of the propodus of the fourth leg in the three kinds of mitten crabs were identical or near to those of taxonomic samples.
The divorce rate—the number of cases per thousand people—also doubled in that period. It now stands at 2.7, well above the rate in most of Europe and approaching that of America, the most divorce-prone Western country (see chart).
You see, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter is what's known as an irrational number, one that can never be expressed as a ratio of two whole numbers.
When advertising a new car's efficiency, for example, it is more convincing to talk about the number of extra miles per gallon it does, rather than the equivalent percentage fall in fuel consumption.
One measurement, typically done post-mortem, is called the Reid index, which is the ratio of the thickness of the bronchial mucinous glands, relative to the total thickness of the airway - from the epithelium to the cartilage.
The Big Bang model predicts certain abundances of elements — ratios of them, compared to hydrogen — and that's just what we see in the Universe at large.
In all three countries household and corporate debt combined were way over 200% of GDP before the crisis, much higher than in America (175%) or even Britain (205%).
That's right, March 14th, or 3.14, the day we celebrate the fascinating mathematical constant Pi, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.
To see which startups are most at risk, The Economist looked at the annual revenue growth and valuation-to-sales ratios for 500-odd unicorns around the world, for which PitchBook, a data firm, had information.
A useful metric therefore is the FEV1 to FVC ratio, which since the FEV1 goes down even more than FVC, causes the FEV1 to FVC ratio to go down as well.