There's a lot of evidence of anoxic water, water that doesn't have enough oxygen in it because it produces these black shale deposits in the Devonian, and so we have that mass extinction.

有大量证据表明存在缺氧水体，即缺乏足够氧气的水，为这在泥盆纪形成了黑色页岩沉积，此我们经历了那次大灭绝。

The long-ago seas of the Carboniferous and Devonian swarmed with tiny plankton that wrapped themselves inside tiny protective shells.

泥盆纪和石炭纪的古代海洋里生活着大批微小的浮游生物。它们躲在小小的保护性壳里。

Life recovers, and then we're in the Devonian period after that.

生命恢复了，然后我们进入泥盆纪。

The clue to this ancestor, it was assumed, would be found in the Devonian era, from about 400 million years ago.

据认为，这个祖先的线索要在大约4亿年以前的泥盆纪寻找。

Oxygen levels in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, when terrestrial life first bloomed, were as high as 35 percent (as opposed to nearer 20 percent now).

在陆地生命大幅度增加的泥盆纪和石炭纪，空气中的氧的浓度达35%（现在是将近20%）。

The Ordovician (440 million years ago) and Devonian (365 million) each wiped out about 80 to 85 percent of species.

奥陶纪（44000万年以前）和泥盆纪（36500万年以前）分别消灭了大约80%——85%的物种。

The oldest we know of  lived 400 million years ago in the Devonian Age and grew to around three feet long,   smaller than today's largest sand strikers but still abnormally giant for its day.

我们所知道的最古老的沙石生活在 4 亿年前的泥盆纪，长到大约三英尺长，比今天最大的沙石要小，但在当时仍然异常巨大。

They have concluded that the common ancestor of all jawed vertebrates, which lived over 400 million years ago during the Silurian period, had a brain which could support the neural architecture required by GWNT.

他们得出结论， 所有有颌脊椎动物的共同祖先，在超过4亿年前的泥盆纪时期，拥有一个能够支持全球神经工作空间理论所需神经结构的大脑。

For instance, you know when the Devonian Period ends and the Carboniferous Period begins, because that's when you start finding fossils that belong to a species of conodont known as Siphonodella sulcata.

例如， 你知道泥盆纪结束石炭纪，为那时发现属于一种名为Siphonodella sulcata的牙形石物种的化石。

While fish with jaws first appeared in the Silurian, they proliferated in the Devonian.

虽然有颚的鱼最早出现在 留纪，但它们在泥盆纪大量繁殖。

But these creatures lived in a very different world from the Devonian.

但这些生物生活在 与泥盆纪截然不同的世界中。

The venerable family of Roach has been crawling around since at least the devonian.

至少从泥盆纪，可敬的 Roach 家族就一直在四处爬行。

Some sense of the strength of feeling can be gained by glancing through the chapter titles of Martin J. S. Rudwick's excellent and sombre account of the issue, The Great Devonian Controversy.

通过浏览马丁·J·S·鲁德威克 (Martin J. S. Rudwick) 关于这个问题的出色而阴郁的叙述《泥盆纪大争论》 (The Great Devonian Controversy) 的章节标题, 可以获得一些感觉。

They are the wisest of the mollusks, and I have always felt it to be just as well for us that they never came ashore, but—there are other things that have.

它们是软体动物中最智慧的，我终认为， 它们从未上岸对我们来说是件好事， 不过——还有其他生物上岸了。 无需感到害怕。诚然，有些生物外形奇特， 但我发现这种情况反而令人振奋。 看到大自然仍在进行实验， 依然充满活力， 而不是停滞不前或满足于现状， 为一种泥盆纪的鱼类最终演变成了戴草帽的两足生物， 这让人感到信心倍增。 海洋的酿造缸中还有其他事物在酝酿和成长。 了解这一点是有益的。 了解过去与未来同样重要也是有益的。 唯一无益的是对人类在其中扮演的角色过于确定。

But by the end of the Devonian, 60  million years later, giant trees, like Archaeopteris, had spread around  the world - and changed it, forever.

但到了 6000 万年后的泥盆纪末期，像祖蕨这样的巨树已经遍布世界各地， 并永远地改变了世界。

It gives one a feeling of confidence to see nature still busy with experiments, still dynamic, and not through or satisfied because a Devonian fish managed to end as a two-legged character with a straw hat.

目睹自然界仍在进行实验、充满活力，而非停滞或满足于一条泥盆纪的鱼最终演化为头戴草帽的两足生物， 这让人倍感自信。

Devonian is, of course, from the English county of Devon, Cambrian comes from the Roman name for Wales, while Ordovician and Silurian recall ancient Welsh tribes, the Ordovices and Silurs.

当然, 泥盆纪来自英国德文郡, 寒武纪来自威尔士的罗马名称, 而奥陶纪和留纪则让人想起古老的威尔士部落, 奥陶纪和留纪。

Fish began their transition onto land 400 million years ago, during in the Devonian period.

鱼类在4亿年前的泥盆纪了向陆地的过渡。

But in the Devonian, a new branch of the cephalopod family tree appeared: ammonites.

但在泥盆纪，出现了头足类 家族树的一个新分支：菊石。

Well, during the Devonian, things were … complicated.

好吧，在泥盆纪期间，事情… … 很复。