They also regulate blood pH, volume, pressure, osmolality as well as produce hormones.

它们也调控血液pH值、血容、血、，并产生多种激素。

This osmotic gradient pulls water out of cells and into the extracellular space.

水流出细胞进入细胞外间隙。

Together these ions help regulate your blood's chemistry, maintaining its pH levels and proper osmotic pressure, and allowing other tissues to do their jobs, like making muscles contract and sending action potentials.

这些离子一起有助于调节血液的化学成分，维持其 pH 值水平和适当的，并允许其他组织完成其工作，例如肌肉收缩和发送动作电位。

A transudative pleural effusion occurs when too much fluid starts to leave the capillaries either because of increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure in the blood vessels.

漏出性胸腔积液发生于大液体漏出毛细血管，可能是因为血管内静水增高或血管内胶体降低。

ADH levels tend to be very high so the maximum amount of fluid is retained, causing urine osmolality to be very high.

ADH水平会变得非常高，导致大水分在体内潴留，引起尿液的大幅升高。

Water can travel across cell membranes from where there's a higher concentration of water to where there's a lower concentration.

水可以过细胞膜从低一侧流至高侧。

And there's a higher concentration of water in a bacterium than in honey.

而蜂蜜的比细菌细胞液的要高。

To understand pulmonary edema, let's first talk about the three main factors that determine how fluid moves between the capillaries and interstitial fluid, which are the hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure and capillary permeability.

为了解肺水肿，我们首先讲讲决定液体如何在毛细血管和间隙之间移动的3个主要因素：1.流体静，2.胶体，3.毛细血管通性。

From osmotic pressure to stretch receptors to hormones, our circulatory, nervous, and endocrine systems regulate how much urine we produce, what goes into it, and when to get rid of it.

从到拉伸受体再到荷尔蒙，我们的循环系统、神经系统和内分泌系统调节我们产生多少尿液，什么进入尿液，什么时候排出尿液。

Type D is the least common type of SIADH where ADH secretion is completely normal, yet urine osmolality is still high.

D型是最少见的类型，其中ADH的分泌完全正常，但尿液的仍较高。

Another important mechanism is hyperosmolarity, which is where there is an increased extracellular osmolarity, relative to the intracellular space.

另一个重要机制是高，即相对于细胞内，细胞外增高。

Type A is completely erratic and is independent of the plasma osmolality.

A型为ADH释放紊乱，且独立于血浆变化。

Another category of non-cardiogenic causes is having low oncotic pressure.

非心源性的另一因素是低胶体。

Most of these proteins — like albumin, and alpha and beta globulins — are made by the liver, and do things like balance the osmotic pressure between the blood and surrounding tissues, and transport lipids and ions.

这些蛋白质中的大多数——像白蛋白、α和β球蛋白——是由肝脏制造的，起到平衡血液和周围组织之间、运输脂质和离子的作用。

With less protein in the blood the oncotic pressure falls, which lowers the overall osmotic pressure, which drives water out of the blood vessels and into the tissues, called edema.

血液中白蛋白越少，胶体下降，降低了总，水从血管中出，进入组织中，称之为水肿。

The part of my brain called the hypothalamus sees this drop in plasma osmolality and tells the pituitary gland to slow down the release of ADH (that's enough! ) .

当下丘脑感知到血浆的下降，就会让垂体减缓ADH的释放：“够了够了！”

The oncotic pressure is higher in the pulmonary capillaries than in the interstitial fluid, so it opposes the hydrostatic pressure.

肺毛细血管的胶体比肺间质胶体高，因此它与流体静拮抗。

When I drink a glass of water and that water is absorbed into my blood, my plasma osmolality drops, which means I'm diluting my blood with the water.

当我们饮用一杯水后，水分吸收至血液中，血浆降低，意味着血液被稀释。

Oncotic pressure results from the the inability of solutes like large proteins - albumin for example - to move across through the capillary.

胶体是由不能穿过毛细血管的溶质产生，像是大分子蛋白质，比如白蛋白。

Regardless of the cause, low oncotic pressure leads to fluid moving from the capillary and into the interstitial space throughout the body, and in the lungs that results in pulmonary edema.

无论何种原因，低胶体导致血浆从毛细血管进入全身组织间隙，在肺中便导致肺水肿。