Finally, this leads to urinary stasis, which starts a vicious circle, promoting bacterial multiplication, urinary alkalinization, and the deposition of new layers of struvite.
In other words, air keeps going in with each inhalation until the lungs are really inflated, but the air can't escape during exhalation - this is called air-trapping.
With kidney damage, there may be signs of renal failure like reduced urine output and fluid retention, which leads to a puffy face and swollen legs, ankles and feet.
As kind of a double whammy, obstruction also leads to urinary stasis - where urine stands still - which makes it easier for bacteria to adhere and colonize the urinary tract.
During the second phase, also called Weil disease, there may be signs of end-organ damage like jaundice, a cough, dyspnea and hemoptysis, reduced urine output and fluid retention, depending on the affected organs.
And then there's things like salt in the food, alcohol, and alcohol is a big one because it irritates the gut, that can lead to inflammation, that can lead to fluid retention.