For me, it was the literary equivalent of a smallpox vaccination: I have never, so far as I know, used the word zestful in a novel or a story. God willing, I never will.

对我来说，这就像注射了文学意义上牛痘，终生对天花免疫：据我知道，我写短篇也好，长篇也罢，从来没有用过“热情”这个词，总是尽力避免。

His own self-published booklet, An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, was initially ignored by the medical community.

他自己出版小册子《关于牛痘病毒原因与结果调查》一开始遭到了医学界忽视。

And the scientific term for cowpox is at the heart of our story about the English word, " vaccine" .

牛痘科学术语是关于英语单词" vaccine（疫苗）" 故事核心。

He conducted an experiment by injecting a child with a small amount of pus taken from a cowpox pustule.

他进行了一项实验，给一个孩子注射了少量牛痘脓疱中脓液。

They were known to get a mild disease called cowpox.

人们发现，她们会得一叫做牛痘轻微疾病。

However, this disease was quite mild by comparison and those who contracted cowpox were then immune to smallpox.

然而，相比之下，这疾病相当温和，那些感染了牛痘人对天花有免疫力。

The antibodies produced to fight the cowpox bacteria had been able to fight off the smallpox bacteria.

为对牛痘细菌而产生已经能够对天花细菌。

This virus is a much more hazardous cousin of chickenpox and cowpox.

这病毒是水痘和牛痘一个更危险近亲。

Cowpox gave you sores like the smallpox, but just a few on your hand.

牛痘会在你手上造成类似天花溃疡，但只有几个。

A victory over the virus only became a real  possibility when scientists realized that it was not necessary to variolate with the  real smallpox disease, but much safer to use material from cowpox, a variant that affected,   surprise, cows.

战胜病毒可能性仅在科学家意识到无需使用真正天花病毒进行，而是可以更安全地使用牛痘病毒材料时才真正成为可能，令人惊讶是，牛痘病毒影响是牛。

Dead Patches British microbiologist Frederick William Tort was the first to encounter bacteriophages in 1915. He was trying to culture the vaccinia bacteria used to create the smallpox vaccine, but kept finding transparent patches of dead bacteria.

“死亡斑点” 英国微生物学家弗雷德里克·威廉·托特在1915年首次发现了噬菌。 当时他正试图培养用于制造天花疫苗牛痘病毒，却不断发现透明死细菌斑点。

On the borders of little streams larger plants flourish — lupines, daisies, asters, goldenrods, hairbell, mountain columbine, potentilla, astragalus and a few gentians; with charming heathworts — bryanthus, cassiope, kalmia, vaccinium in boulder-fringing rings or bank covers.

在小溪流边缘，较大植物繁茂——羽扇豆、雏菊、紫苑、黄花、毛铃、山耧斗菜、委陵菜、黄芪和一些龙胆；与迷人石南花 — bryanthus、casiope、kalmia、巨石边缘环或银行盖中牛痘。

A British physician, Jenner, noticed that milkmaids who had been infected, not from smallpox, but from a related virus called cowpox - they were pretty immune from getting smallpox.

一位英国医师詹纳注意到，那些感染过牛痘而非天花挤奶女工，对天花具有较强免疫力。

Well, the cow pox virus had proteins on its surface that looked enough like the small pox virus so that it actually made antibodies.

嗯，牛痘病毒表面上蛋白质与天花病毒非常相似，以至于它们实际上产生了。

And the concept was that she was getting infected with a zoonosis, that is, with naturally occurring cowpox, not smallpox.

其概念是她感染了人畜共患病，即自然发生牛痘， 而不是天花。

It worked by infecting people with pus from pox lesions caused by similar but far less pernicious conditions, like cowpox.

它工作原理是用类似但危害性小得多病症（如牛痘）引起痘病灶脓液感染人。

Not every germ has a weaker version, like the smallpox-cowpox story.

并非每病原都有一个较弱版本，就像天花和牛痘故事一样。

And what Jenner noticed is that women that were milkmaids, that were picking up a disease called cow pox, cow pox will form on the utters of a cow, but it was also transferred to these women.

詹纳观察到，那些挤奶女工触到一名为牛痘疾病，牛痘会在牛乳房上形成，但也会传染给这些女工。

He took material from the udder of an infected cow and used a small needle to introduce it into the arms of his wife and two sons.

他从感染了牛痘奶牛乳房上取了一些物质，并用一根小针将其引入妻子和两个儿子手臂中。

They learn the secret moves that fight cowpox.

它们学会了对牛痘秘密招数。