Proto-oncogenes, which signal a cell to grow and divide.

原，向细胞发出生长和分裂的信号。

Now, there are genes that promote normal cell growth called proto-oncogenes.

这时，有一些促进正常细胞生长的被称作原。

With mutations, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, and these overstimulate the cell growth.

随着，原为，这些过度刺激细胞生长。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致加速细胞生长增殖，而抑使细胞生长增殖慢。

Fusobacteria is another genus of bacteria in the mouth that produces excessive immune responses and activates oncogenes.

梭菌属是口腔中另一种会引发过度免疫应答、激活的细菌。

You can think of proto-oncogenes as the accelerator or gas pedal and tumor suppressor genes as the brakes.

你可以把原看作是加速器是油门，把抑看作是刹车。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

此，的抑使细胞不受控制地增长，导致肿瘤发生。

Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞状细胞产生于经历了的鳞状细胞，可能激活原、使抑失活。

So if for example, your oncogenes switch back  on, they make oncogene proteins.

例如，如果您的重新启动，它们就会产生蛋白质。

The second crucial mutation can happen in your  oncogenes.

第二个关键可能发生在中。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原（如表皮生长子受体、RAS）被激活时，它们就成了促进细胞分裂的。

When oncogenes are turned on the cell is told to multiply rapidly.

当被打开时，细胞就会迅速繁殖。

When your oncogenes get corrupted,   they basically turn on again.

当你的被破坏时，它们本上会再次开启。

To balance out cell growth, there are other genes called tumor suppressor genes which promote apoptosis or cell death of mutated cells.

为平衡细胞生长，还有其它，称作抑，促进细胞的凋亡细胞死亡。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性表达肿瘤抑制丢失时，可发生异常细胞分裂。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这种类型的被称为抗肿瘤抑制。

Checking for the presence of mutations in a gene can confirm a diagnosis that is based on other clinical presentations.

在症的病例中，了解哪个发生了以及以什么样的方式发生，能够确定最佳治疗方案以及为开发新的治疗方法提供信息。

Or they can occur in proto-oncogenes, which normally code for proteins that promote the cell cycle - so they're the cell cycle's accelerator pedal.

也可以发生在原；原的功能是编码促进细胞周期运转的蛋白质，所以它算是细胞周期的“油门”。

Unlike other targetable oncogene drivers in NSCLC, KRAs G12C is most common in smokers Until recently, KRAS was an undruggable target.

与 NSCLC 中的其他靶向驱动素不同，KRA G12C 在吸烟者中最常见。直到最近，KRAS 仍是一个不可药物治疗的靶点。

It usually involves several genetic mutations in endometrial cells, including of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene; PIK3CA, an oncogene; and ARID1A, a gene regulating chromatin structure.

它通常涉及子宫内膜细胞的几种，包括抑PTEN、原PIK3CA，及调控染色质结构的ARID1A。