Without treatment, tetanus has an extremely low rate of survival.

未经治疗的破伤存活概率极低。

Some people may associate rusty objects with tetanus, an infection caused by the Clostridium tetani bacterium.

有些人可能将生锈的体与破伤联系在一起，这是一种由破伤引起的感染。

Tragically, his older sister Francesca died at 12 years old from a tetanus infection that had gone untreated.

不幸的是，他的姐姐弗朗西丝卡在 12 岁时死于未经治疗的破伤感染。

There's also neonatal tetanus, which happens to newborns of mothers that have not been immunized against tetanus themselves.

有新生儿破伤，见于没有接种过破伤疫苗的母亲诞下的新生儿。

But now we know the best time to tackle Clostridium tetani is before an infection even takes place.

但现在我们知道，应对破伤的最佳时机就是在感染之前。

Spores of Clostridium tetani are most often introduced into the body through penetrating trauma, like a puncture wound.

破伤的芽孢最常通过穿透性损伤进入人体，如刺伤。

Instead, the offending bacterium, known as Clostridium tetani, infects the body through cuts and abrasions.

相反，被称为破伤的病会通过割伤和擦伤感染人体。

Puncture wounds are usually anaerobic and warm, and are therefore optimal for growth of Clostridium tetani.

刺伤通常产生缺氧且温暖的伤口环境，也成为了破伤的最佳培养基。

In fact any kind of puncture wound or cut brings along the risk of tetanus.

事实上，任何一种刺伤或切割伤都伴有感染破伤的险。

Clostridium tetani is notorious for one of its toxins called tetanospasmin, which can severely disrupt the neuromuscular system of mammals.

破伤因其产生的破伤痉挛毒素而臭名昭着，该毒素严重影响哺乳动的神经肌肉系统。

This process releases several toxins, including deadly tetanus toxin.

这一过程会释放出多种毒素，其中便包括致命的破伤毒素。

Children who were born with tetanus.

出生时患有破伤的儿童。

The diagnosis of tetanus is based on the clinical appearance.

破伤的诊断基于其临床表现。

Then, they inject antitoxin to neutralize any tetanus toxin still in the body that has yet to enter the central nervous system.

然后，注射抗毒素，中和体内尚未进入中枢神经系统的破伤毒素。

Tetanus is usually treated with tetanus immune globulin or TIG, which is an antitoxin that binds to circulating tetanospasmin.

破伤可使用破伤免疫球蛋白（TIG）治疗；TIG是一种能够特异性结合破伤痉挛毒素的抗毒素。

But some tenacious pathogens, including the ones that cause botulism and tetanus, make it through this caustic cauldron and thrive in the intestines beyond.

但是一些顽固的病原体，包括一些导致肉毒中毒和破伤的病原体能比较好地避开腐蚀性环境，在肠道之外存活繁衍。

In the most common form of tetanus— called generalized tetanus— the spasms begin in the face muscles, most notably the lower jaw.

最常见的破伤临床类型叫作全身型破伤，痉挛从面肌开始，以下颌显着。

Treatment of tetanus involves application of tetanus immune globulin and supportive care measures.

破伤的治疗包括TIG以及对症支持治疗。

Other symptoms of tetanus involve sympathetic over-activity, which causes drooling, excessive sweating, fever, difficulty swallowing, breathing problems, and irregular urination and defecation.

破伤的其它临床表现包括：交感神经过度兴奋，引起流涎、大汗淋漓、发热、吞咽困难、呼吸困难，以及尿便失禁。

One example is tetanus: its symptoms are not caused by the Clostridium tetani bacterium, but by a neurotoxin it produces (tetanospasmin).

一个例子是破伤：它的症状不是由破伤引起的， 而是由它产生的一种神经毒素（破伤痉挛素）引起的。