Crucially, these changes are generally passed on to the daughter cells produced when a cell divides, and are thus perpetuated throughout an animal's life.

至关重要的一点是，这些变化一般在细胞分裂的同时传递给子细胞，因此这些变化将贯穿动物的一生。

Shortening with each cell division, they help determine how fast a cell ages.

随细胞分裂的缩短，它们有助于确定细胞衰老的速度。

Mitosis produces identical copies of cells and is how most of our cells divide.

有分裂产生相同的细胞，这是我们大多数细胞分裂的方式。

Telomeres cap chromosomes to allow DNA to get copied every time a cell divides without damaging the cell's genetic code, and they shorten with each cell division.

每次细胞分裂的时候，染色体端粒帽保证细胞可以正确复制细胞的遗传代码。同时，随细胞的分裂，它们也在不断变短。

Typically these are mutations in proto-oncogenes which results in a promotion of cell division, or mutations in tumor suppressor genes which results in a loss of inhibition of cell division.

通常，这些突变是原癌基因突变，细胞分裂；或是抑癌基因突变，导致细胞分裂的正常抑制被解除。

A genome map showed that Thiomargarita magnifica has lost some genes needed for cell division and has more than the usual number of copies of genes responsible for cell lengthening.

基因图谱显示，华丽硫珠菌已经失去了一些细胞分裂所需的基因，拥有了比通常数量更多的负责细胞变长的基因副本。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原癌基因（如表皮生长因子受体基因、RAS基因）被激活时，它们就变成了细胞分裂的癌基因。

Even simple bacteria like E. Coli make about 50 times their body weight in ATP for every cell division.

即使是简单的细菌（如大肠杆菌），每次细胞分裂所产生的ATP重量也约为其体重的50倍。

These can occur when DNA replicates, either when a baby is conceived or as cells divide during our lives.

这些可能发生在DNA复制的时候，或者是怀孕的时候，或者是在我们的生命中细胞分裂的时候。

These cells become a myriad of tissue types that will make up bones, skin, nerves, and organs.

这些细胞分裂成无数的组织型将来成为成骨头，皮肤，神经和器官。

But when a plant experiences temperature extremes, cell division in the developing fruit can go off track.

但当植物经历极端温度时，正在发育的果实中的细胞分裂可能偏离轨道。

A) ;;They may shorten the process of cell division.

它们可以缩短细胞分裂的过程。

More cells equals more cell divisions.

更多的细胞等于更多的细胞分裂。

The healthy liver cell divides only when it is stressed; the healthy hair cell divides frequently; and the cancer cell divides even more frequently and recklessly.

健康的肝细胞只有在危机时才分裂；健康的发细胞却常常分裂；而癌变的细胞分裂速度更快更肆无忌惮。

And when tumor suppressor genes, like the genes that encode proteins p53, p16, and the retinoblastoma protein, also called pRb, are inactivated, it removes the inhibition to cell division.

当抑癌基因（如编码蛋白质的p53基因、p16基因、成视网膜母细胞瘤蛋白或称pRb基因）失活时，抑制细胞分裂的机制就被去除了。

P16INK4A is part of the control mechanism that brings cell division to a halt when this limit is reached.

P16INK4A 分子是当这一限度达到时令细胞分裂终止的控制机制的一部分。

And more cell divisions means more chances of mutations that could let a cell become cancerous.

更多的细胞分裂意味更多可能导致细胞癌变的突变。

Each of our bodies is a product of a huge number of cell divisions.

我们的每一个身体都是大量细胞分裂的产物。

Your cells are not producing as frequently and you're kind of breaking down.

你的细胞分裂不再那么频繁，身体开始逐渐衰退。

These included ATR which detects damage to DNA and halts the cycle of cell division that cancer promoting mutations in courage amare one which stifles cell growth and wreck, which reigns in metastasis.

这些包括检测DNA损伤并停止细胞分裂周期的蛋白激酶ATR，以及抑制细胞生长的一类基因和控制转移的一类基因。