In order for our cells to work properly, systems had to develop that could regulate the concentration of salt and other components of our blood and extracellular fluid.

为了使人体细正常工作，身体内的各个系统必须能够调节盐以及血和细体其他成分的浓度。

Osmosis out of a cell can cause big changes.

细的渗透作用会引起很大的变化。

Of the remaining phosphate, a tiny amount is extracellular, or outside cells like in the blood, so this is the bit that gets measured, and the majority is intracellular, or inside cells, where it does all sorts of things.

游离磷酸盐中的一部分在细，即在细，如血内，这是在细被测量的磷酸盐；但大多数是在细内的，它在细内做各种各样的事。

This city inside a cell has departments that share information, factories that build proteins, and even machinery to move those proteins around inside a cell and release them outside the cell.

细内的这座城市有分享信息的部门，有制造蛋白质的工厂，至还有在细内移动这些蛋白质并将其释放到细的机制。

Let's start with the cell wall which is found on the outer surface of the cell membrane and its most important role is to protect the bacteria.

我们从位于细膜表面的细壁开始学习，它最重要的作用是保护菌体。

Both of these mechanisms lead to increased potassium in the fluid outside of cells which quickly makes it into the blood and causes hyperkalemia.

上述两种机制都会造成细的离子增，离子很快进入血，造成高血症。

These electrodes are used to make 12 leads, each of which illustrates the movement of positive charge on the outside of heart cells.

这些电极可以用作记录12导联心电图，每个导联都能显示出心脏细的正电荷活动。

Of the remaining phosphate, a tiny amount is extracellular, or outside the cells like in the blood, so this is the bit that gets measured, and the majority is intracellular, or inside cells, where it does all sorts of things.

在剩下的磷酸盐中，极小部分在细的，比如血中的，是可以被检测的，大多数磷酸盐在细内；细内的磷酸盐有着各种各样的功能。

A virus in the extracellular state is called a virion and consists of a protein coat called a capsid which protects the viral genome and aids in its transfer between host cells.

处于细状态的病毒称为病毒粒子有称为" 衣壳" 的蛋白质壳；衣壳保护着病毒基因组，并协助病毒在宿主细间传播。

If we unpause this, then everything becomes depolarized, and since there's no difference in charge, now, there's no dipole, and so no deflection.

如果我们这时将其“解冻”，那么所有细都被去极化了，由于细的电荷没有变化，所以没有双极子，（心电图）上也就不存在任何波形（呈一条直线）。

The extracellular component includes both the intravascular space - the space within the blood and lymphatic vessels and the interstitial space - the space between cells where you typically find fibrous proteins and long chains of carbohydrates which are called glycosaminoglycans.

细的部分包括管道内空间，即血管和淋巴管内的空间以及间质空间，即细之间的空间，通常能找到纤维蛋白和叫糖胺聚糖（即黏多糖）的长链碳水化合物。

This causes intracellular carbon dioxide to freely diffuse out of the cell, raising the cellular pH which stimulates glycolysis, a metabolic process that requires a lot of phosphate.

这会导致细内CO2自由扩散到细，提高细的pH值，激发糖酵解，一个需要大量磷酸盐的代谢过程。

He had found that antigens, protein markers on the outside of cells, differed according to the blood type, and that blood clumped when the donated red blood cells were of a different type from the recipient's red blood cells.

他发现， 抗原即细的蛋白质标志物，会根据血型的不同不同，并且当捐赠者的红细与受赠者的红细类型不同时， 血会发生凝集。

It takes glucose in, this would be cellular respiration here and so if we have a lot of blood glucose outside of the cell, in a beta cell in the pancreas that's going to trigger an influx of calcium.

它吸收葡萄糖， 这里指的是细呼吸过程。 因此，如果细的血中葡萄糖含量很高，位于胰腺中的β细就会触发钙离子的流入。

I'll throw in some additional information about oil production within the hair follicle and a few other things like extracellular matrix, which as the name suggests is extracellular.

我还会提供一些关于毛囊内油脂生产和一些其他如细基质等额信息，顾名思义， 细基质是细的。

The heads point in towards the cytoplasm and out towards the watery fluid external to the cell, with the lipid tails sandwiched in between.

头部朝内指向细质， 朝则面向细的水性体，脂质尾部则夹在中间。

Your blood type is determined by what kind of antigens decorate the outside of your red blood cells.

你的血类型由红细表面的哪种抗原决定。

Instead, endocrine glands secrete their hormones directly into the surrounding extracellular space.

相反，内分泌腺直接将激素分泌到周围的细间隙。

Dopamine is then loaded into synaptic vesicles and released by physiological stimuli into the extracellular space where it can bind to dopamine receptors that are expressed on the postsynaptic neuron.

多巴胺随后被装入突触囊泡，并通过生理刺激释放到大脑中与多巴胺受体结合的细空间突触后神经元。

Okay, let's say there are more oxygen molecules outside a cell than inside.

好的，假设细的氧分子比细内的多。