Last year, the FDA approved Rydapt, a mast cell disorder and leukemia drug, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services approved limited reimbursements for its rare-blood-cancer drug, Kymriah, which runs $475,000 for a course of a treatment.

去年，FDA批准了Rydapt这种治肥大细紊乱和白血病的药，保险和补助服务中心也批准了对其罕见血癌药Kymriah发放一定补助的申请，而这种药一个程的费用就高达47.5万美元。

Airborne allergens like pollen, dust, animal hair, or mold spores cause mast cells in the tissues to release histamine, causing the eyes and nose to become inflamed and watery.

花粉、尘土、动毛发、霉菌孢子等空气传播的过敏原通过促进组织中的肥大细释放组胺，最终导致眼睛和鼻子的炎症和水肿。

We also know that, for example, dogs with short hair can be more prone to developing something called a mast cell tumor.

我们还知道，例如，毛发短的狗可能更容易患肥大细肿瘤。

Finally, there are the mast cells which are also non-phagocytic and they're involved in asthma and allergic responses.

最后，还有肥大细，它们也没有吞噬作用，还参与了哮喘和过敏反应。

The mast cells, aren't considered PMNs because their nucleus is round.

肥大细不被认为是PMNs，由于其细核呈圆形。

The IgE-primed mast cells release their histamine, which causes nearby capillaries to dilate - flooding the facial tissues with fluid.

致敏肥大细释放的组胺通过增加周围毛细血管的渗透，最终导致面部组织的充血水肿。

Those cytokines start the inflammatory process by making blood vessels leaky and attracting nearby eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells, which release their own cytokines and granules amplifying the inflammation.

这些细因子将启动炎症过程：通过使血管渗漏并吸引附近的粒细、碱粒细和肥大细；这些集结的细释放各自的细因子和颗粒，放大炎症反应。

If there are symptoms, antihistamine medications can be used to suppress the effect of mast cell degranulation.

如果出现相应的临床症状，抗组胺药可以被用来抑制肥大细的脱颗粒效应。

For example, IL-4 leads the production of IgE antibodies which coat mast cells and stimulate them to release granules containing things like histamines, leukotrienes and prostaglandins.

例如，IL-4导致了IgE抗体的产生，覆盖在肥大细表面，并刺激它们释放含有像组胺、白三烯和前列腺素等质的颗粒。

Because the eyes and nose are portals of entry for infections, there are lots of mast cells around those areas for extra protection.

由于眼睛和鼻子是外来感染侵入机体的主要通道，肥大细在这些区域大量聚集来加强防护。

Once bound by IgE the mast cells are " primed" , meaning if pollen enters the body again in the future, those mast cells degranulate and release their histamine into the local tissue.

肥大细与IgE型抗体结合后进入致敏状态，当花粉再次侵入机体时，肥大细将脱颗粒并将组胺释放到周围组织。

Those IgE antibodies get released into the bloodstream and bind to mast cells, which are immune cells in the tissue that carry within themselves a load histamine.

IgE型抗体在被释放入血后，与组织中的免疫细肥大细相结合，而这些肥大细储存着大量的生活质组胺。

The food proteins get noticed by IgE, which activates the mast cells.

食蛋白质会被免疫球蛋白E识别，从而激活肥大细。

" The act of scratching is actually triggering the inflammation by [working] with mast cells to make them more effective, " says Daniel Kaplan. He's a dermatologist and immunologist at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. He also coauthored the new study.

“抓挠实际上会通过与肥大细‘合作’，让它们更有效率地引发炎症，”丹尼尔·卡普兰说。他是宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡大学的皮肤科生和免疫学家，也是这项新研究的共同作者。

The histamine causes blood capillaries to dilate and become leaky which brings more fluid and immune cells to the area where the mast cells are located.

组胺能使毛细血管的通透增加，进而促进更多的体液和免疫细渗漏到肥大细所在处。

First they activate a part of the immune system called a mast cell, which then expels a lot of chemicals, like histamines.

首先，它们激活称为肥大细的免疫系统的一部分， 然后排出大量化学质，如组胺。

Well, it could be mast cell leukemia.

也可能是肥大细白血病。

The MCAS, mass cell activation syndrome.

我现在的诊断是肥大细活化综合征。

An itch can begin when a substance (such as an oil in poison ivy) activates mast cells. These immune cells release itch signals and kick off inflammation. Scratching boosts that process, the new study suggests.

瘙痒开始于某种质（如毒藤中的油）激活了肥大细。这些免疫细释放瘙痒信号并引发炎症。新的研究表明，抓挠会增强这一过程。

In tissues like the gut, the skin, and the respiratory system, the antibody called immunoglobulin E, or IgE, binds to white blood cells called mast cells.

在肠道、皮肤和呼吸系统这样的组织中，一种名为免疫球蛋白E或IgE的抗体与称为肥大细的白血球结合。