Tumor suppressor genes, which signal a cell to stop dividing.

肿瘤抑基因，向细胞发出停止分裂信号。

There are so called oncogenic or tumor producing genes.

有所谓致癌或产生肿瘤基因。

Dr Ellis and his colleagues showed that those whose tumours carried mutations in p53 (16% of the total) were less likely to have responded to letrozole than women whose tumours had normal p53.

埃利斯博士等人证明了，来曲唑对肿瘤中有p53基因突变病人（占总数16%）疗效不如对肿瘤中p53基因正常病人那样显著。

But if it happens in certain genes that are important in cancer, like oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, it can create deadly cancers like skin cancer.

但是如果它发生在某些对癌症基因中，比如致癌基因或肿瘤抑基因，它会产生致命癌症，比如皮肤癌。

So the new way to get a diagnosis is to look deep in the cell and understand precisely what made it into tumor and that’s genomic sequencing.

因此，获得诊断新方法是深入观细胞，并准确地知道是什么使它进入肿瘤，即基因组测序。

After surgery, one group received a blood test specially made for the tumor's genetic information to find any remaining bits of cancer DNA.

手术后，其中一组人接受了根据他们肿瘤基因信息血液检查，以寻找任何残留癌症DNA片段。

Similar discoveries and advancements in the genetic testing of tumors are refining staging in breast, prostate, and gynecological cancers.

类似发现和肿瘤基因检测进步正在完善乳腺癌、前列腺癌和妇科癌症分期。

About 3,000 individual breast tumours, for example, have now had their genotypes published.

例如，它已经发表了大约3000种不同乳房肿瘤基因型。

Tumor suppressor genes work by acting as a kind of roadblock, keeping cell division from moving forward.

肿瘤抑基因通过充当一种障碍来发挥作用，阻止细胞分裂继续发展。

The first key mutation is in the appropriately  named tumor suppressor genes, or TSGs.

第一个关键突变发生在恰当地命名为肿瘤抑基因（或TSGs）基因中。

The GDS is a biomarker derived from the tumor cells' gene expression patterns.

GDS是一种源自肿瘤细胞基因表达模式生物标志物。

They have for example, attempted to induce tumors in sponges that have no reported incidents of cancer Dr. Thomas Dr. Malley and their colleagues will also search for tumor suppressing genes in previously sequenced genomes available in public databases.

例如，他们试图在海绵中诱导肿瘤，而海绵至今未报告过癌症病例。托马斯博士和马利博士及其同事还将搜索之前已测序并公开数据库中肿瘤抑基因。

You know, we hear so much about the new approaches to oncology where, you know, you do genetic analysis of different kind of tumors and then you have certain kind of chemotherapy agents and you do like personalized chemotherapy.

你知道， 我们经常听到关于肿瘤学新方法讨论，比如通过对不同类型肿瘤进行基因分析， 然后使用特化疗药物来进行个性化化疗。

What these new types of studies are really asking is whether we can target specific mutations which are mistakes in the genes that arise in tumors and treat them the same even if they come from different organs.

这些新型研究真正问是，我们是否可以针对肿瘤中出现基因错误特突变进行治疗，即使它们来自不同器官。

The tumors are genetically distinct from the host, actually a piece of another dog that's been passed from dog to dog to dog, back through time.

这些肿瘤从基因上与宿主有区别，实际上是另一只狗一部分，随着时间推移，从一只狗传到另一只狗。

These activate oncogenes, genes with the capacity to cause cancer, which drive abnormal cell proliferation or deactivate the body's natural tumour suppressor genes.

这些物质会激活致癌基因， 即那些具有引发癌症能力基因，它们推动异常细胞增殖， 或使人体天然肿瘤抑基因失活。

Then they rapidly ballooned into whoppers the size of buses Dr. Thomas found that as ancestral whales grew numerous alterations to their tumor suppressor genes opt on board.

然后它们迅速膨胀成像公共汽车一样大巨兽。托马斯博士发现，随着祖先鲸鱼数量增长，它们肿瘤抑基因发生了许多改变。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性癌基因表达或肿瘤抑基因丢失时，可发生异常细胞分裂。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这种类型基因被称为抗癌基因或肿瘤抑基因。

If TSGs become damaged, your cells basically forget how to repair  themselves and can reproduce unchecked.

如果肿瘤抑基因受损，你细胞基本上就忘记了如何自我修复，并且可以无限地增殖。