Tumor suppressor genes, which signal a cell to stop dividing.

肿瘤抑制基因，向细胞止分裂的信号。

About 3,000 individual breast tumours, for example, have now had their genotypes published.

例如，它已经表了大约3000种不同的乳房肿瘤的基因型。

There are so called oncogenic or tumor producing genes.

有所谓的致癌或产生肿瘤的基因。

Tumor suppressor genes work by acting as a kind of roadblock, keeping cell division from moving forward.

肿瘤抑制基因通过充当一种障碍来挥作用，阻止细胞分裂继续展。

Similar discoveries and advancements in the genetic testing of tumors are refining staging in breast, prostate, and gynecological cancers.

类似的现和肿瘤基因检测的进步正在完善乳腺癌、前列腺癌和妇科癌症的分期。

The first key mutation is in the appropriately  named tumor suppressor genes, or TSGs.

第一个关键突变生在当地命名为肿瘤抑制基因（或TSGs）的基因中。

The GDS is a biomarker derived from the tumor cells' gene expression patterns.

GDS是一种源自肿瘤细胞基因表达模式的生物标志物。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这种类型的基因被称为抗癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因。

If TSGs become damaged, your cells basically forget how to repair  themselves and can reproduce unchecked.

如果肿瘤抑制基因受损，你的细胞基本上就忘记了如自我修复，并且可以无限制地增殖。

After surgery, one group received a blood test specially made for the tumor's genetic information to find any remaining bits of cancer DNA.

手术后，其中一组人接受了根据他们的肿瘤基因信息定制的血液检查，以寻找留的癌症DNA片段。

He and his colleagues identified 33 known tumor suppressing genes in humpback whales that showed evidence of advantageous changes.

他和他的同事在座头鲸中识别了33个已知的肿瘤抑制基因，这些基因显示有利的变化。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性癌基因表达或肿瘤抑制基因丢失时，可生异常细胞分裂。

But if it happens in certain genes that are important in cancer, like oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, it can create deadly cancers like skin cancer.

但是如果它生在某些对癌症很重要的基因中，比如致癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因，它会产生致命的癌症，比如皮肤癌。

So the new way to get a diagnosis is to look deep in the cell and understand precisely what made it into tumor and that’s genomic sequencing.

因此，获得诊断的新方法是深入观察细胞，并准确地知道是什么使它进入肿瘤，即基因组测序。

These activate oncogenes, genes with the capacity to cause cancer, which drive abnormal cell proliferation or deactivate the body's natural tumour suppressor genes.

这些物质会激活致癌基因， 即那些具有引癌症能力的基因，它们推动异常细胞增殖， 或使人体天然的肿瘤抑制基因失活。

The tumors are genetically distinct from the host, actually a piece of another dog that's been passed from dog to dog to dog, back through time.

这些肿瘤从基因上与宿主有区别，实际上是另一只狗的一部分，随着时间的推移，从一只狗传到另一只狗。

Then they rapidly ballooned into whoppers the size of buses Dr. Thomas found that as ancestral whales grew numerous alterations to their tumor suppressor genes opt on board.

然后它们迅速膨胀成像公共汽车一样大的巨兽。托马斯博士现，随着祖先鲸鱼数量的增长，它们的肿瘤抑制基因生了许多改变。

Dr Ellis and his colleagues showed that those whose tumours carried mutations in p53 (16% of the total) were less likely to have responded to letrozole than women whose tumours had normal p53.

埃利斯博士等人证明了，来曲唑对肿瘤中有p53基因突变的病人（占总数的16%）的疗效不如对肿瘤中p53基因正常的病人那样显著。

What these new types of studies are really asking is whether we can target specific mutations which are mistakes in the genes that arise in tumors and treat them the same even if they come from different organs.

这些新型研究真正要问的是，我们是否可以针对肿瘤中现的基因错误的特定突变进行治疗，即使它们来自不同的器官。

You know, we hear so much about the new approaches to oncology where, you know, you do genetic analysis of different kind of tumors and then you have certain kind of chemotherapy agents and you do like personalized chemotherapy.

你知道， 我们经常听到关于肿瘤学新方法的讨论，比如通过对不同类型的肿瘤进行基因分析， 然后使用特定的化疗药物来进行个性化化疗。