A turbulent flow is self-similar if there is an energy cascade.

湍流是在不同能上是自相似。

They're not all from different elements, most of them are from different energy levels in just a few elements.

它们并非都来自不同元素，大多数来自少数元素不同能。

I still remember that picture where there is a quantum well and the levels of electrons confined in the quantum well.

我仍然记得那张图⽚，其有⼀个量⼦阱和限制在量⼦阱⼦能。

Objects with lower density, like stuff that's made of organic materials, will allow more of the lower-energy X-rays to pass through.

低密度东西，像有机材质东西，会让低能X射线穿过。

Bohr’s model predicted that electrons orbit at very specific energy levels, which he called orbits.

玻尔模型预测子在非常特定能运行，他称之为道。

And things with higher density will absorb most of the low-energy X-rays, and allow some of the higher-energy rays to pass through.

而那些高密度东西则会吸收大部分低能X射线，允许高能射线穿过。

This electron can have one energy level, or another, but not a value in  between those two.

该子可以具有一个能一个能，但不能是介于这两者之间值。

Now radioactive decay occurs when a nucleus has a higher energy level than a potentially more stable version.

现在，当原子核能高于可能更稳定核能时， 就会发生放射性衰变。

Importantly, this means there is some minimal non-zero energy level for waves of a given frequency - hf.

重要是，这意味着给定频率 - hf 波存在一些最小非零能。

From a tiny sphere, to electron orbits, to energy levels and then to the electrons being wave-like charge distributions.

从微小球体， 到子道，到能， 再到子波状荷分布。

When these excited electrons fall back to their normal energy levels, their excess energy is carried away by photons, or particles of light.

当这些激发态子回到它们正常能时，它们多余能量会被光子光粒子带走。

Yet, with the new equipment, the same particles, the same energy levels, and the same experimental parameters would yield different results.

然而， 使用新设备，相同粒子、相同能和相同实验参数会产生不同结果。

This tidal wave of high-energy particles excites atmospheric atoms such as oxygen and nitrogen, causing them to rapidly shed photons at various energy levels.

这种高能粒子潮汐波激发了大气原子，如氧和氮，使它们迅速释放出各种能光子。

Then, they used lasers to excite the positrons to higher energy levels, and measured the light the positrons emitted as they came back down.

然后，他们使用激光将正子激发到更高能，并测量正子返回时发出光。

Each orbit can have a specific number of electrons, which correlates to the energy levels and orbitals in the modern model of an atom.

每个道都可以有特定数量子，这与现代原子模型能和道相关。

If there are several electrons being removed this is a step-wise process, starting with the electron at the highest energy level, or the outermost one.

如果有几个子被移除， 这是一个逐步过程，从最高能最外层子开始。

In 1913, Niels Bohr came up with a simple model for describing these energy levels for a single electron in hydrogen merely assuming circular orbits.

1913 年，尼尔斯·玻尔提出了一个简单模型来描述氢单个子这些能，仅假设圆形道。

" This difference, this energy difference between these two energy levels—from this we can extract how big, actually, the size of the nucleus is." Following this?

“这个差异，这两个能之间能量差异——从我们可以提取出核大小， 实际上有多大。 ” 接着这个？

Because of the varying energy levels of electrons in atoms and molecules, each element in the periodic table absorbs and emits only certain wavelengths of EM radiation.

由于原子和分子子能不同，元素周期表每个元素仅吸收和发射特定波长 EM 辐射。

As sunlight hits all the different atoms in its path, bumping electrons up to higher energy levels, they absorb part of the spectrum, creating the missing rainbow that Fraunhofer saw.

当太阳光照射到其路径上所有不同原子时，将子撞击到更高能，它们吸收了部分光谱，创造出了弗劳恩霍夫看到残缺彩虹。