A turbulent flow is self-similar if there is an energy cascade.

湍流是在不同上是自相似的。

They're not all from different elements, most of them are from different energy levels in just a few elements.

它们并非都来自不同的元素，大多数来自少数元素中的不同。

In other words, an atom or molecule can jump between different energy levels, but it can't ever be in between those levels.

换句话说，原子或分子可以在不同的之间跳跃，但它不处于这些之间。

And things with higher density will absorb most of the low-energy X-rays, and allow some of the higher-energy rays to pass through.

而那些密度的东西则会吸收大部分的低X射线，允许的射线穿过。

Objects with lower density, like stuff that's made of organic materials, will allow more of the lower-energy X-rays to pass through.

低密度的东西，像有的东西，会让低的X射线穿过。

Bohr’s model predicted that electrons orbit at very specific energy levels, which he called orbits.

玻尔的模型预测电子在非常特定的运行，他称之为轨道。

Now radioactive decay occurs when a nucleus has a higher energy level than a potentially more stable version.

现在，当原子核的于可更稳定的核时， 就会发生放射性衰变。

I still remember that picture where there is a quantum well and the levels of electrons confined in the quantum well.

我仍然记得那张图⽚，其中有⼀个量⼦阱和限制在量⼦阱中的电⼦。

Because the rules of quantum mechanics mean that when the atoms are on the same energy level, they start to behave in unison.

因为量子力学的规则意味着当原子处于同一时，它们会开始一致行动。

When these excited electrons fall back to their normal energy levels, their excess energy is carried away by photons, or particles of light.

当这些激发态的电子回到它们的正常时，它们多余的量会被光子或光粒子带走。

Yet, with the new equipment, the same particles, the same energy levels, and the same experimental parameters would yield different results.

然而， 使用新设备，相同的粒子、相同的和相同的实验参数会产生不同的结果。

This quantization of energy levels was a stark departure from classical physics and marked a significant step toward a new understanding of atomic behavior.

这种的量子化与经典物理学截然不同，标志着对原子行为的新理解迈出了重要一步。

Each orbit can have a specific number of electrons, which correlates to the energy levels and orbitals in the modern model of an atom.

每个轨道都可以有特定数量的电子，这与现代原子模型中的和轨道相关。

This tidal wave of high-energy particles excites atmospheric atoms such as oxygen and nitrogen, causing them to rapidly shed photons at various energy levels.

这种粒子的潮汐波激发了大气中的原子，如氧和氮，使它们迅速释放出各种的光子。

Then, they used lasers to excite the positrons to higher energy levels, and measured the light the positrons emitted as they came back down.

然后，他们使用激光将正电子激发到更的，并测量正电子返回时发出的光。

Bohr proposed that electrons occupied discrete energy levels, or " orbits, " and could transition between them by absorbing or emitting precise amounts of energy as light.

玻尔提出，电子占据离散的或“轨道”，并且可以通过吸收或发射精确数量的光量在它们之间进行跃迁。

In 1913, Niels Bohr came up with a simple model for describing these energy levels for a single electron in hydrogen merely assuming circular orbits.

1913 年，尼尔斯·玻尔提出了一个简单的模型来描述氢中的单个电子的这些，仅假设圆形轨道。

If there are several electrons being removed this is a step-wise process, starting with the electron at the highest energy level, or the outermost one.

如果有几个电子被移除， 这是一个逐步的过程，从最或最外层的电子开始。

An electron could switch levels, if it absorbed or released some energy -- but only specific, discrete levels were allowed, and electrons couldn’t go below the lowest level.

它可以转换— — 如果电子吸收或释放一些量，但只允许特定的、 离散的， 电子不低于最低。

" This difference, this energy difference between these two energy levels—from this we can extract how big, actually, the size of the nucleus is." Following this?

“这个差异，这两个之间的量差异——从中我们可以提取出核的大小， 实际上有多大。 ” 接着这个？