Red and purple hues stem from secondary pigments called anthocyanins, while carotenoids and xanthophylls yield oranges and yellows, respectively.

红色和紫色色调来自花青素等辅助色素，而类胡萝卜素和叶黄素分别产生橙色和黄色。

That something could be anthocyanin, or it could be a dangerous toxin, but the knob itself isn't the problem, nor is the process by which it was added.

它可能是花青素，也可能是一种危险的毒素，但基因本身不是，加它的过程也不是。

Purple tea contains a substance known as anthocyanin, which gives the leaves the purple color, and other substances.

紫茶含有一种叫做花青素的物质，它使叶子呈紫色，紫茶还含有其他物质。

The skin of grapes is a rich source of antioxidants, including resveratrol, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. These compounds are known for their ability to fight oxidative stress and reduce inflammation in the body.

葡萄皮是抗氧化剂的丰富来源，包括白藜芦醇、花青素和类黄酮。这些成分以其对抗氧化应激和减少体内炎症的能力而闻名。

Both are rich sources of anthocyanins, a type of plant chemical called polyphenols that gives them their deep color.

它们都富含花青素，这是一种被称为多酚的植物化学物质，使它们呈现出深颜色。

Reds are generally protected by their tannins and pigment molecules known as anthocyanins Whites Lesso.

红葡萄酒通常受到单宁和被称为花青素的色素分子的保护，而白葡萄酒则较少如此。

There’s lycopene , from tomatoes, and anthocyanins from red cabbage.

有来自番茄的番茄红素，以及来自红心菜的花青素。

So, are purple grapes and blueberries special? Well, sort of. Both are rich sources of anthocyanins, a type of plant chemical called polyphenols, that gives them their deep colour. These polyphenol Our compounds are also found in other berries.

所以，紫葡萄和蓝莓有什么特别的吗？ 嗯，算是吧。 它们都富含花青素，这是一种称为多酚的植物化学物质， 赋予它们深色。这些多酚化合物在其他浆果中也能找到。

But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins-why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it's already scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?

但很难理解花青素的生成过程——既然一棵树已经在忙着提取和保存树叶中已有的化学物质，为什么还要费心在树叶中生成新的化学物质呢？

D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf's tolerance to freezing.

D 一些关于花青素的理论认为，它们可能作为一种化学防御剂来抵御昆虫或真菌的攻击，或者它们可能会吸引食果鸟类或增加叶子的抗冻能力。

However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.

然而，这些理论都有，包括叶子变红的时间相对较短，制造花青素所需的能量消耗将超过其抗真菌或抗食草动物的活性。

F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of making anthocyanins when they're busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the 'light screen' hypothesis.

F 关于为什么叶子在忙于收拾过冬时会费力制造花青素，也许最合理的建议是被称为“光屏”假说的理论。

What's puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them.

令人费解的是，花青素实际上是新产生的，是在树准备落叶的同时在树叶中产生的。