Which genes are active in a cell can be changed by making chemical alterations (known as epigenetic markers) to their DNA.

细胞中哪些基因活跃的，这能够通过改DNA的学分（表观学标志物）而改变的。

But if you think about the area that the twin study was involved in things like say, identifying what might be epigenetic damage to the geno that might proceed the development of mutations that could lead to cancer risk.

但如果你想想双生子研究涉及的领域，比如，确定引起基因表观损伤加快基因突变从而导致患癌风险的因素。

That's exactly right and that's what apparent motion is about.

完全正确，这就表观运动的意义所在。

These changes can happen during a lifetime, and may even be passed to offspring — but so far researchers are conflicted over whether epigenetic modifications can really persist over many generations and lead to lasting changes in populations.

适应的变终生的，甚至可能给后代。但到目前为止，研究者仍在争论表观饰造的变可以给多代后代，对族群造长久的影响。

And the exciting thing about epigenetics is even though every cell in your body has essentially the same DNA, your epigenetics is what gives cells their identity, it's what makes a skin cell different from a brain cell.

而表观学令人兴奋的地方，即使你体内的每个细胞都具有基本相同的 DNA，但你的表观学赋予细胞身份的东西，正它导致了皮肤细胞与脑细胞不同。

Well, a recent UCLA study used epigenetics to propose that everyone has a gay gene, but it's whether or not the attachment of a methyl group to specific regions of DNA is triggered and turns it on.

加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)最近的一项研究利用表观学提出，每个人都有一个同性恋基因，但关键一个甲基对DNA特定区域的连接被触发并激活。

And — as Sarah Merrill, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of British Columbia, has studied — there is an epigenetic influence, or how our social relationships in early life change the expression of our genes.

而且如英属哥伦比亚大学的博士后 Sarah Merrill 曾研究过的那样，存在表观的影响，或者说我们早期生活中社会关系如何改变了基因表达。

While we have been able to connect specific epigenetic changes to health effects in mice, we're a long way off from being able to make those connections in humans.

虽然我们已经能够将特定的表观变与小鼠的健康影响联系起来，但我们离能够在人类身上建立这些联系还有很长的路要走。

Epigenetics. It's basically the set of processes that turn parts of the genome on or off. And this normally happens is through something called DNA methylation.

答案表观学。它一系列可以打开或关闭部分基因组的过程，通常通过一种叫做DNA甲基的方式发生。

In the word " epigenetic" , " epi" means outside of, and " genetic" refers to the DNA sequence of A's, C's, G's, and T's.

（表观）这个词中，“epi”表示在...外面，“genetic”表示A、T、C、G组的DNA序列。

The parallax effect describes a difference in the apparent position of an object when it is seen along two different lines of sight.

视差效应描述了当物体沿着两条不同的视线观察时，物体的表观位置的不同。

That means if you can measure their period, you can determine how far away they are simply by measuring their apparent brightness.

这意味着如果你可以测量它们的周期，你就可以通过测量它们的表观亮度来确定它们离我们有多远。

Humans cannot survive combinations of high heat and high humidity that rise above an index temperature called " wet-bulb 35."

当温度和湿度上升到一个叫做“35 度湿球温度”的表观温度时，人类无法存活的。

Most of epigenetic research has really focused on stress, anxiety, depression -- kind of a downer, kind of bad things.

大多数的表观学研究都集中在压力，焦虑，抑郁上—某种负面情绪，某种不好的事情。

The epigenome can be changed by the environment. And those changes pass from one generation of worms to the next.

表观基因组可以被环境改变，这些改变从一代蠕虫递到下一代。

Scientists often use genetics and epigenetics to identify genes that might be linked to developing cute features and babies.

科学家经常使用学和表观学来识别可能与可爱特征和婴儿发育有关的基因。

What all these epigenetic markers are doing remains obscure.

这些表观学标志物到底都做了什么目前仍然不清楚。

But in epimutations it doesn't get erased and gets passed on.

但表观突变不会消失，而一直递。

Mr. Sabanayagam says identifying epigenomic marks is important for human studies in the future.

Sabanayagam说识别表观基因组性状对未来的人类研究来说很重要。

These switches, called " epigenetic tags, " are why a kidney cell looks and acts differently than a skin or nerve cell, even though all three cells' have identical DNA.

这些开关被称为 “表观标记”，这就为什么就算有相同的 DNA，肾细胞的外观和功能都不同于皮肤细胞或神经元细胞。