Even though researchers claim that lined pits will not cause a drainage problem, the room for error is marginal.

尽管研究者们声称，带衬砌深坑不会引起泄漏问题，当然也不允许出任何差错。

Most of the urban subway tunnels are constructed by shield method, and the linings usually adopt an assembled concrete structure, which exhibits poor resistance to deformation.

城市地铁大多采用盾构法施工，衬砌通常采用装配式混凝土结构，抗变能力较差。

The parameters of shield tunnel lining and foundation soil are consistent with the numerical model.

盾构衬砌和地基土体参数与数值模型一致。

Since the joint is the key structural element of shield tunnels, which is the frail part of the assembled tunnel lining.

由于接缝是盾构关键结构元件，是拼装式衬砌薄弱部分。

The lining sections at 4 m and 14 m along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel are selected to monitor the convergence deformation of the tunnel.

沿纵向选择 4 m 和 14 m 衬砌，以监测收敛变。

In case 3 (Fig 7(c)), the deformation of the left tunnel is larger than that of the right tunnel, and the maximum deformation of the left tunnel is located in the upperright and lower-right parts of the lining.

在情况 3 中（图 7（c）），变大于右变，最大变位于衬砌右上部和右下角。

Through indoor model experiments, Atkinson and Potts studied the stability of tunnels in cohesionless soil and analyzed the internal force characteristics of tunnel lining structures under uniform surcharge loading.

通过室内模型实验，Atkinson 和 Potts 研究了在无粘性土中稳定性，并分析了均匀附加载荷下衬砌结构内力特性。

The displacement on the left side of the lining is much larger than that on the right side of the lining, and the maximum displacement occurs at the upper-left side of the tunnel lining (Fig 12(b)).

衬砌位移远大于衬砌右位移，最大位移发生在衬砌上[图 12（b）]。

To accurately evaluate the influence of environmental loads on the deformation of the tunnel lining and reflect the true deformation of the tunnel, translation and rotation should be separated from the deformation simulation results.

为了准确评估环境载荷对衬砌变影响，反映真实变，应将平移和旋转与变模拟结果分开。

This analytical solution is effective in representing the continuous behavior of soils and especially the discontinuous deformation of tunnel linings, which is verified through comparison with previous analytical solutions.

该解析解可以有效地表示土体连续行为，尤其是衬砌不连续变，通过与以前解析解进行比较来验证这一点。

In this numerical simulation, 48 equidistant monitoring points are arranged in the inner circumferential direction of the tunnel lining, and the coordinate values of the monitoring points are extracted before and after deformation.

在该数值模拟中，在衬砌内圆周方向上布置了 48 个等距监测点，并提取了变前后监测点坐标值。

The settlement of the tunnel is arranged along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel at the inner vault of the lining.

沉降沿纵向布置在衬砌内拱顶处。

Based on an investigation of ground-heaped loads on metro shield tunnels in soft soil areas, Huang analyzed the influence of ground surcharge loading on the mechanical property deterioration of tunnel linings under different thicknesses of soil.

基于对软土地区地铁盾构地面堆载调查，黄仁勋分析了不同厚度土体下地层堆载对衬砌力学性能劣化影响。

Responses of Tunnels to External Loads In practical engineering, the shield tunnel lining system is composed of segments connected by steel bolts.

对外部荷载响应 在实际工程中，盾构衬砌系统由钢螺栓连接节组成。

The settlement value of the tunnel vault in case 1 is less than that in case 2 because the symmetrical surcharge loading above the tunnel can balance the stress state of the lining and avoid uneven stress.

情况 1 中拱顶沉降值小于情况 2 中，因为上方对称附加荷载可以平衡衬砌受力状态，避免受力不均。

Ali used the stochastic adaptive finite element limit analysis method to analyze the influence of the spatial variability of soil on the undrained stability of a circular tunnel without a lining.

Ali 使用随机自适应有限元极限分析方法分析了土体空间变化对无衬砌圆不排水稳定性影响。

The longitudinal flexural stiffness of the shield tunnel is clearly lower than that of the continuous lining tunnel due to the existence of intersegment joints.

由于管片间节理存在，盾构纵向弯曲刚度明显低于连续衬砌。

According to the Shiba theory, the connecting bolt and the lining segment bear tension and pressure, respectively.

根据柴氏理论，连接螺栓和衬砌分别承受拉力和压力。

In the past, scholars have made great efforts to explore the mechanical characteristics of shield tunnel linings under the influence of extreme surcharge by methods of theoretical analysis, numerical analysis, model experiments and case studies.

过去，学者们通过理论分析、数值分析、模型实验和实例分析等方法，努力探究极端加重影响下盾构衬砌力学特性。

Point A is the coordinate monitoring point before the deformation of the lining structure, whereas point A' is the coordinate monitoring point after the deformation of point A. The specific steps are as follows: 1.

A 点是衬砌结构变前坐标监测点，而 A' 点是 A 点变后坐标监测点。具体步骤如下： 1.