They spread into many ecological niches and replaced the gymnosperms.

它们扩散到许多生态位并 取代了裸子植。

But the gymnosperms haven’t been totally abandoned by their pollinators.

裸子植并没有 被它们的传粉者完全抛弃。

The sweet pollen drops of some modern gymnosperms still attract pollinating flies and moths.

一些现代裸子植的甜花粉滴 仍然吸引授粉的苍蝇和飞蛾。

The pollen it picked up was from a gymnosperm – the group that includes pines, cycads, and ginkgoes.

它采集的花粉来自裸子植——包括松树、苏铁和银杏在内的植群。

So, why was this butterfly-lookalike visiting a gymnosperm 165 million years ago?

那么，为什么这只蝴蝶的人会 在 1.65 亿年前造访裸子植呢？

But, for most of the history of land plants, gymnosperms were dominant.

是，在陆地植的大部分历史中， 裸子植导地位。

The lacewing fossilized with pollen on its mouthparts shows how pollination began between ancient groups of insects and gymnosperm plants.

口器上带有花粉的草蛉化石表明，古代昆虫群体和裸子植之间的授粉是如何开始的。

Gymnosperms don't make nectar, but they do make nutritious pollination drops that are used for trapping airborne pollen.

裸子植不产生花蜜，它们确实产生有营养的授粉滴，用于捕获空气中的花粉。

These specialized structures of early gymnosperms weren't big cones like you'd see on a pine tree today.

早期裸子植的这些特殊结构并不你今天在松树上看到的那样大。

They're the most diverse group of land plants, with around 300,000 known species, while today's gymnosperms number around 1000 species.

它们是最多样化的陆生植群，已知约有 300,000 种， 而今天的裸子植约有 1000 种。

Analysis of the pollen showed that it was mostly from a mix of gymnosperm plants, including cycads and ginkgos.

对花粉的分析表明， 它要来自裸子植的混合，包括苏铁和银杏。

As the angiosperms got their foothold and attracted crossover pollinators like beetles, some pollinators still remained loyal to the gymnosperms.

当被子植站稳脚跟并吸引甲虫等交叉传粉者时，一些传粉者仍然忠于裸子植。

Like the scorpionflies and lacewings, these true flies were thriving on the reproductive structures of gymnosperms, not angiosperms.

蝎子蝇和草蛉一样，这些真正的苍蝇在裸子植而非被子植的生殖结构上繁衍生息。

Which is weird, because today most gymnosperms are conifers - plants whose reproductive structures often look like cones and are pollinated by wind, not by insects.

这很奇怪， 因为今天大多数裸子植都是针叶树——它们的生殖结构通常看起来球果，靠风而不是昆虫授粉。

But the gymnosperms haven't been totally abandoned by their pollinators.

是裸子植并没有被它们的传粉者完全抛弃。

Like, organs called nectaries evolved, which delivered tasty nectar rewards to pollinators - these were a new take on the old pollination drops of gymnosperms.

比如， 进化出蜜腺器官，将美味的花蜜奖励给传粉者——这些是对裸子植旧授粉滴的新诠释。

So, beetles may have been the insects that were best able to shift from their relationships with gymnosperms to the new resources offered up by angiosperms.

因此，甲虫可能是最能从与裸子植的关系转向被子植提供的新资源的昆虫。

It was actually something between  a fern and a group of woody plants that exists today called gymnosperms, which includes conifers and gingkos.

它实际上介于蕨类植和今天存在的称为裸子植的一组木本植之间，其中包括针叶树和银杏。

As for the gymnosperms, most of them are back to being wind-pollinated, with airborne pollen that gets stuck in pollen drops.

至于裸子植， 它们中的大多数又回到了风媒授粉的状态，空气中的花粉被困在花粉滴中。

The stage for insect pollination was set possibly as far back as the Permian Period, when insects are thought to have started feeding on gymnosperm plant fluids.

昆虫授粉的阶段可能最早可追溯到二叠纪时期，当时人们认为昆虫已经开始以裸子植的液体为食。