A research paradigm consists of three elements; ontology, epistemology, and methodology.

研究范式包括三个要素：本体论、认识论和方法论。

But I think the discussion becomes much more interesting when we take into account the epistemological question about the extent to which we can really know and understand consciousness, and the subsequent questions of methodology.

但我认为，当我们考虑到认识论的问题，即我们能在多大程度上真正了解和理解意识，以及随后的方法论问题时，讨论就会变得有趣得多。

Scholars identified different forms of nihilism. There's moral nihilism, cosmic nihilism, existential nihilism, and even epistemological nihilism; the latter denies the existence of knowledge.

学者们发现了不同形式的虚无主义。有道德虚无主义、宇宙虚无主义、存在虚无主义，甚至认识论虚无主义；后者否认知识的存在。

Those are questions that epistemology might try to answer.

这些问题可能是认识论试图回答的。

I know it's a really unsatisfying answer, epistemologically, but yeah, that's kind of the case.

我知道从认识论的角度来看，这是一个非常令人不满的答案，但确实有点这样。

Sure, you can play an epistemological game.

当然，你可以玩一个认识论的游戏。

And you get into all of these arguments about meta-ethics and meta-epistemology.

于是，你便卷入了关于元伦理学和元认识论的种种争论之中。

And the way we do business epistemologically in the West now is different now.

我们现在在西方做生意的方式在认识论上已经不同了。

One is, I guess, a question of epistemology.

我想，这首先是一个认识论的问题。

No, it was, now you can say this is standpoint epistemology.

不，这是，现在你可以说这是立场认识论。

Somewhere between his roots as a precocious young biologist and his later fascination with epistemology, Jean Piaget carved out his own niche in a discipline that he called genetic epistemology, the study of how intelligence changes as children grow.

在早年间作为早慧的年轻生物学家与后来对认识论的着迷之间，让·皮亚杰在遗传认识论这一领域开辟了自己的专长，该学科研究的是随着儿童成长， 智力如何变化。

The novels can be interpreted as a bit to dramatize the epistemic challenges of an encounter with the divine is David stubbornly irrational cast of mind a sign that he is anointed or merely a child.

这些小说可以被解读为在一定程度上夸大了与神圣相遇时的认识论挑战，戴维顽固的非理性思维是否是他被选中的标志，还是仅仅是一个孩子的表现。

And then there's epistemological commitment, right, and the idea of the epistemological commitment is that, you know, if we have a very well-tuned historical methodology, we can actually access that structured, organized, already with meaning past.

还有认识论承诺，对吧，认识论承诺的想法是，如果我们有一个非常精细的历史研究方法，我们实际上可以接触到那个结构化、有组织且已经赋予意义的过去。

What I would love to see is so many people that I interact with, just by virtue of what I do, have no foundation in critical thinking, epistemology, philosophy, media or literacy.

我希望看到的是，仅仅凭借我所做的事情，与我互动的许多人在批判性思维、认识论、哲学、媒体或读写能力方面没有基础。

I'm at a loss to try to remember who specifically we talked about this, but this feels very Greek, that ultimately questions of ethical questions are epistemological questions, right?

我一时想不起来我们具体讨论过谁，但这种感觉非常“希腊式” ， 即最终伦理问题本质上都是认识论问题，对吧？

Since science is heavily dependent on empirical  observation for data, the Cartesian sensitivity to epistemological questions has dramatically  enhanced the sophistication of human perception.

由于科学在很大程度上依赖于对数据的经验观察，笛卡尔对认识论问题的敏感性极大地提高了人类感知的复杂性。

Buddhism is the only genuinely positive religion to be encountered in history, and this applies even to its epistemology (which is a strict phenomenalism).

佛教是历史上唯一真正实证的宗教， 这甚至适用于它的认识论（这是一种严格的现象论）。

And I don't want to drown you in technical epistemological information here, but I call them smart and dumb skepticism.

我不想在这里淹没你的技术认识论信息，但我称它们为聪明而愚蠢的怀疑论。

All I did was teach him about epistemology.

我不过是教了他认识论。

There are a lot of epistemological questions that are hugely important for people who have Metaethical views, right?

对于持有元伦理学观点的人来说， 有许多认识论问题极为重要，对吧？